Special populations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What Not to Do When Applying for Social Security Disability

What Not to Do When Applying for Social Security Disability What Not to Do When Applying for Social Security Disability Is it true that you are considering applying for Social Security Disability (SSD)? Before you do, look at our rundown of 5 significant things to maintain a strategic distance from making progress toward getting benefits.1) Don’t Send Incomplete or Inaccurate Forms To apply for Social Security Disability, you should finish various structures, and guarantee that the data gave is right. You should incorporate a broad measure of data, for example, the names, locations and telephone quantities of every single clinical supplier, complete clinical records and more.If you don't round out a structure totally, either by leaving segments clear or incidentally giving incorrectly data, your case will probably be denied and you should begin the procedure all once again again. Remember, purposefully giving bogus data, for example, posting conditions you don't have, erroneously posting wards or including a bogus work history is unbelievably inconvenient to your case and isn't right. Ensure you are straightforward with your information.To stay away from mistakes, contact an accomplished SSD lawyer. The person in question can control you through the procedure, round out the administrative work for you and guarantee everything is right. Having an accomplished SSD attorney work with you can likewise help improve the odds your underlying application will be approved.2) Don’t Stop Seeking Medical Treatment If you are applying for incapacity advantages or hanging tight for a choice, don't quit heading off to your primary care physician for clinical arrangements and medicines. Archives of your clinical records, medicines, prescriptions, measurements, and so forth are critical proof to demonstrate your inability and assist you with getting affirmed for benefits. Your clinical records and proceeded with treatment are basic for your case. You should keep seeing your primary care physician and adhere to their guidelines for your treatment consistently during the process.If you quit seeing a specialist, the Social Security Administration may verify that your condition isn't sufficiently extreme to get benefits.3) Don’t Only Report Some of Your Conditions Make sure to report the entirety of the conditions you have that are influencing your lifestyle and capacity to work. Don’t believe that you are constrained to just states of being. Your states of mind could be adversely influencing your day by day life, and you may have comorbid clinical and mental scatters, which means these conditions are happening simultaneously and might be brought about by the essential condition.The Social Security Administration will audit the entirety of the conditions you recorded in the application. Keep in mind, it is imperative to have clinical documentation all things considered, including states of mind, to demonstrate your inabilities. A talented SSD lawyer can assist you with the whole application, including rounding out the entirety of your conditions a nd giving clinical evidence.4) Don’t Miss Deadlines for Appeals If your application is denied, it is encouraged to offer the refusal. Nonetheless, you should follow the interests cutoff times and send demands for a conference inside 60 days of accepting a denial.A gifted SSD legal counselor is basic to have all through the whole procedure, and particularly during the interests procedure. An accomplished SSD legal counselor can set up the entirety of the essential proof for your case, help set you up for what's in store at the consultation and give solid legitimate portrayal to assist you with getting affirmed for benefits.5) Don’t Do Drugs or Break the Law If drinking or medications is demonstrated to be the principle explanation behind your incapacities or aggravates your conditions, it is likely your case will be denied. A talented SSD legal counselor can help answer any inquiries you have about substance misuse. You ought to likewise maintain a strategic distance fr om any sort of crime as overstepping the law can hurt your odds of accepting benefits.We Can HelpIf you are handicapped and incapable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michiganâ for a free secret counsel. We’ll let you know whether we can assist you with getting a month to month check and assist you with deciding whether any cash or resources you get could affect your qualification for incapacity benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michiganâ works hard consistently helping the crippled of Michigan look for the Social Security Disability benefitsâ they need. On the off chance that you can't work because of a physical, mental, or psychological impedance, call Disability Attorneys of Michiganâ now for a free interview atâ 800-949-2900.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law office assist you with getting the advantages you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Michigan Social Security Disability Attorney, Michiga n Social Security Disability Lawyer

Report on Field Trip

Report on Field Trip Official Summary Field trips serve one fundamental capacity most definitely. Field trips connect the study hall involvement in the outside world in this manner they improve learning, yet in addition give both the student and teacher esteemed reasonable experience (Jin and Lin, 2012). The visit they took with Greg Nannup of the Indigenous Tours WA was a fascinating one deciding by the shifted exercises that we needed to get. This report is set up with that impact. It subtleties the occasions and the exercises gained from the field trip led with the said visits organization. This specific outing visioned at improving their insight base grounded in the study hall concerning indigenous the travel industry. During this occasion, they experienced a few awesome displays like the eminent wreck exhibition in Fremantle. This display with its consolidated history and culture offers the sightseers come chatting with an enthusiastic the travel industry site. The field trip owed its prosperity to the visit control , Greg Nannup who drew in the understudies in legends all through the excursion. A greater part of his legends concerned the assortment of vacation spots that the understudies went over including the compositional structures, the Freemantle Prison, and the Swan River. A short detail of this is talked about in this report. At the appointed time, the report furnishes data on the aboriginals’ association with Fremantle, which really is the premise of the indigenous the travel industry in the spot. Presentation Inside the Perth district, the Fremantle Heritage Tour is among the most established indigenous experience. It begins at the Fremantle Maritime Museum close to the waterfront and meander pasts other breathtaking destinations along the Swan River (Smith, 2011). Voyagers in the locale appreciate the perspective on the Nyoongar countries, which is celebrated for untamed life spotting, hedge exhaust searches, and weapon shows. Other than Fremantle’s very much outlined history, covering the last 200 years lays the vivid and rich local history of more than forty thousand years (trip counsel, n.d). Fremantle, which is situated close to the Perth and the mouth of the Swan River, was home to the indigenous individuals of Australia for quite a while. The Nyoongar makes up the nearby native language bunch living here. The parts of the life and history of the Aboriginal Nyoongar populace illuminates inside the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour (Rivera, 2012). Vacationers investigating the indigenous culture in addition to the history in Fremantle find that Swan River is a significant piece of the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Voyagers get natural withthe story of Wagyltogether with the parts of the native history inside the Fremantle zone during the native Heritage Walking Tour. The field trip’s primary objective was investigating the rich history that the Fremantle region holds, and in such manner, finding the multi faceted nature of Fremantle’s legacy, both when the European settlement. This specific report investigates a field trip that occurred at the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour. Foundation As a necessity of the course, understudies are required to participate in a field outing to an indigenous visitor goal. In such manner, the indigenous goal that is the subject of this report is the Fremantle, a spot notable for its all around saved design legacy. The Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour handed down the understudies with a wonderful and outstanding strolling experience, which retained them into the way of life of one of Australia’s most alluring urban communities. The understudies got the opportunity of investigating Perth’s normal appeal and its shrouded treasures. Also, they occupied with its vivid history, beginning from its provincial and indigenous beginnings to its current boomtown, loaded up with defilement and wrongdoing. The understudies accumulated outside the wrecks exhibition in Fremantle, a region circumscribing the Fishing Boat Harbor. They were driven by Greg Nannup of the Indigenous visits WA in the outing that took one and a half h ours to finish. Points of the Report Field trip reports improve the instructive estimation of an outing (Kolin, 2012). The outings manage the spatial relations among information and the time connections like the social history or land forms. This report tends to two boss capacities. To begin with, it gives the useful experience that convinces understudies to understand the hypothetical and calculated conversations of their investigations. Furthermore, itâ improves the procedure of informationâ gathering, as understudies can step outside theirâ imagined discernments toâ collect their encounters as the information for the information established on translation. In equivalent extents, the report impersonates the learning and experience accomplished during the field trip. Therefore, through the arrangement of the report, understudies can consider their upgrade capability inside this field of indigenous the travel industry. Site Description Fremantle fills in as a living space to a larger part of notorious and all around perceived vacation destination locales. This makes it an infamous goal both for interstate and worldwide guests. Fremantle was initially home to mass gathering and whaling stations. It is an alluring little city, well known for its tremendous multicultural chronicled destinations and cafés. In equivalent measures, it incorporates convict constructed pilgrim age structures notwithstanding one of the most discolored detainment facilities inside the bigger British Empire called ‘the World Heritage Listed Fremantle Prison’. While individuals are occupied with investigating the spot, they are probably going to hear astounding commotions of Irish detainees just as the humorous British Bush officers getting away. This is the consequence of the World War II and the shameful ousting of the aboriginals to the Rottnest Island. In the previous years when traveler ships filled in as the basic methods for transport for universal explorers, Fremantle remained the western access to Australia. A few vagrants showed up by means of the boat making this spot their home. In any case, the fly travel changed Fremantle’s acclaim as a goal, following which the port city showed up the focal point of worldwide consideration during Australia’s protection of American Cup in the year 1987. At present, Fremantle still clutches a lot of its typical appeal. The majority of Fremantle’s old structures have been painstakingly reestablished and too, the west finish of the port is formally among the extraordinary originals of a Victorian port streetscape known to mankind. Fremantle appreciates an enthusiastic air given that there is continually something occurring around the city, extending from displays, markets and shows, celebrations, to road exhibitions. The Field Trip/Literature Review The experience during the Fremantle Aboriginal Heritage Walking Tour was one to pass on for. With the brilliant, instructive, and engaging experience, the excursion was a triumph. It gave the understudy guests the tale of the Wagyl along with the bit on the native history inside the Fremantle region. A case is the Fremantle Round House, which was built in 1831on Arthur Head. This structure isn't simply Fremantle’s most established building, but at the same time was before a neighborhood jail. In the next years, it filled in as a holding cell to the native detainees before they could continue to the jail on the Rottnest Island. Yangan, a native opposition legend, is known to be among the principal detainees in Round House. After his insubordination to the white pioneers, he was trailed and killed. His head was cut off from the body, after which it was brought to England. After a show in a Liverpool gallery, it was covered in a mass grave. Nonetheless, after certain years, the h ead was unearthed and a native assignment took it back to Perth. The story of the grievous paces of indigenousâ imprisonment inside Australia in the present day and the twentieth century was disclosed to the understudies and they really wanted to address on the importance of the jail gallery to the offspring of a native foundation. Greg clarified that the jail introduces itself for the most part as a site of convict detainment and for all intents and purposes neglects to see the numerous years that after the convict time frame. This demonstration focuses on the assorted and in a general sense challenged significance of such destinations (Frew and White, 2011). Greg proceeded on the Fremantle jail saying that as a notable building element, the jail remains for instance of Australia’s legitimate, institutional, and social history, and, in this way, a great signifier of national personality. Convicts constructed the old Fremantle jail between the years 1851 to 1855. The jail contains an underground passage. The understudies had the option to learn new data concerning the convicts, sea legends, and accounts of free pioneers. One astounding disclosure for them was that the jail has various paranormal exercises as phantoms, who have been living in the jail from an earlier time. Furthermore, the prison’s history incorporates sufferings and hardships, which are seen on the block dividers as a waiting engraving. For instance, the red, yellow, and dark native banner is a significant image of opposition and patriotism (Wilson, 2008). It is to be found in an assortment of spots on the cell dividers, in like manner puts, and even as cut into sandstone dividers. Similarly as the Western Australian Indigenous Tourism Operators Council (2011) state, while on a one-hour stroll in Fremantle with a native guide, sightseers are probably going to pick up concerning the significance of Fremantle to the Nyoongar individuals notwithstanding the dreaming stories concerning the zone. The principle encounters incorporate the native culture in addition to history, customary native chasing and assembling, native dreamtime, in addition to the voyages through memorable and consecrated native locales. Beginning from the Fremantle Town Hall, the visit took a non-customary course through Freo, simultaneously getting t

The Role of Women in Spartan Society

THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SPARTAN SOCIETY The ladies of antiquated Sparta, the individuals who were destined to Spartan guardians, had numerous jobs. They were significant and fundamental for the strength and running of the antiquated warrior society. The woman’s job in Spartan culture was profoundly viewed by the state as equivalent in significance to that of a man’s, however they couldn't lead or hold open office. They were given the opportunity, force, regard and status that was unbelievable in the different polis, alongside the remainder of the traditional world.Since the hour of Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, the ladies of Sparta were a lot of mindful of their job in the public arena. These jobs were with respect to parenthood, proprietorship and upkeep of land, religion, training, marriage and their solid impact and force in the public arena. In Xenophon’s clarification of the Spartan constitution, the focal and most significant job in Spartan culture for the S partiate or free lady was to proceed with Sparta, through labor. Austere ladies were exceptionally esteemed as the moms of warriors and they needed to keep up their wellness to guarantee solid pregnancy and childbirth.Since Sparta was routinely at war for quite a bit of its multi year history, it was a woman’s job to manage and raise sound kids, specifically, solid and courageous children to serve in the Spartan armed force. Females were urged to take an interest in physical preparing so they could conceive an offspring o sound infants. As indicated by Xenophon, Lycurgus proclaimed that â€Å"women should take as much difficulty over physical wellness as men†¦ in light of the fact that if the two guardians were solid, the posterity would be progressively tough and the ladies themselves would have the option to shoulder the torments of work. The job of parenthood was imperative to the point that moms who had various children were given unique status and as indicated by X enophon, â€Å"Spartans esteem parenthood so exceptionally that there were just two different ways a Spartan would get their name on a tombstone: passing in fight or demise in labor. † Women were answerable for raising their kids in their initial years where the two young ladies and young men got a government funded training. Moms were liable for conveying the Spartan qualities to their kids. They supported dauntlessness in their children and didn't endure weakness in fight or grieve their children when they passed on in battle.Rather than grieve the demise of their child, they would invest heavily in the way that their child kicked the bucket with regards to Sparta †Source 1 (Plutarch On Sparta, p. 160) â€Å"As a lady was covering her child, a useless old hag came up to her and stated: ‘You poor lady, what a hardship! ’ ‘No, by the two divine beings, a bit of good fortune,’ she answered, ‘because I bore him with the goal that he may pas s on for Sparta, and that is the thing that has occurred. † To pass on for Sparta in fight was a man’s most noteworthy respect and what a mother longs for her sons.Therefore, the pride of a Spartan lady was to be a mother of a genuinely brave and loyal child †Source 2 (Plutarch On Sparta, p. 160) â€Å"When an Ionian lady was highly esteeming one of the embroideries she had made (which was in reality of incredible worth), a Spartan lady flaunted her four most obedient children and said they were the sort of thing an honorable and great lady should create, and should flaunt them and invest heavily in them. † Spartan moms were not open minded to a son’s demonstration of weakness or dishonor towards her and Sparta. They were known to disgrace and slaughter their children when they showed these actions.For model, a statement from Plutarch’s Sayings of Spartan Women shows only this. Another Spartan lady murdered her child, who had abandoned his post since he was dishonorable of Sparta. She pronounced: â€Å"He was not my offspring†¦ for I didn't bear one shameful of Sparta. † (Blundell, 1995, 151 and 157; Pomeroy, 2002, 34-37 and 52-69 †Don’t realize who said what, notes given from a uni understudy. ) Spartan ladies were known to be rich in spite of the fact that Sparta didn't have a coinage framework and ladies were not permitted to have gold or silver. This riches was known to have been gained from property ownership.Land proprietorship in Sparta was not quite the same as different polis. A family’s land was shared between all individuals from the family, including the young ladies however their rate was littler than her brother’s. Toward the start of the traditional period, a Spartan lady could acquire some portion of her family’s home however she never claimed it, it was constantly given to her youngsters. This changed and towards the finish of the old style time frame, Xenophon and Aristotle noticed that ladies did possess and could oversee, control, and discard property without the need of male approval.Women could likewise secure land through marriage says Powell, Athens and Sparta. Aristotle demonstrated that ladies possessed two-fifths of the land close to the finish of the traditional period. With the ladies claiming this much land and the men were continually away preparing or at war, they assumed significant jobs in the administration of the family unit and the kleros. They needed to oversee the helots who worked in the house and kleros on the grounds that they didn't perform household obligations or physical work, a demonstration which was seen just fit for helots.If a lady was hitched, any benefit from her domain was her husband’s benefit as well and the equivalent goes for any benefit from the home of her husband’s. In the event that a wedded couple were to separate, which was uncommon, ladies were permitted to keep their homes. La dies were urged to be talented and educated with ponies so they could brave to manage theirs and their husband’s domains which could have been spread out over a tremendous measure of territory. Along these lines, Spartan ladies normally claimed, reared and prepared fine ponies which filled in for instance of their riches in land. Blundell, 1995, 155-157; Pomeroy, 1975, 38; Pomeroy, 1991, 144; Pomeroy, 2002, 19-34 and 76-86 †Don’t realize who said what, notes given from a uni understudy. ) Women likewise assumed a significant job in religion. As indicated by S. B. Pomeroy, Spartan factions for ladies reflected the society’s accentuation on female magnificence, wellbeing and the vast majority of all, richness, being unmistakable in the cliques of Dionysus, Eileithyia and Helen. During strict celebrations, for example, the Hyporchema and the Caryatid, ladies would sing, move, race, feast, devote votive contributions, drive chariots in parades and weave garment s for faction pictures of the divine beings, said Pomeroy.At the Hyakinthia celebration, ladies had an impact in â€Å"riding on luxuriously enlivened carriages made of wicker work, while others burdened chariots and drove them in a parade for racing† says Hooker in The Ancient Spartans. At the asylum of Artemis Orthia, an enormous number of votive contributions have been found. It is felt that these contributions were made by ladies who were infertile, pregnant or had endure labor, as Artemis Orthia was related with labor. Additionally, Spartan moms made contributions and penances to the goddess Aphrodite Hera when their little girls got married.In option, Pomeroy expressed that various votive contributions by singular ladies were confirmations of other individual associations with the divinities. In figure 3. 9 in the book Antiquity 2, there is a fifth century alleviation demonstrating a Spartan young lady included a strict ceremony. From youth, young ladies were raised to be the sort of moms that Sparta required, similarly as young men were prepared to be the troopers it required. The Spartan instruction framework that was contrived for young ladies was to make moms who might create the best hoplites, to oversee property and to partake in strict festivals.Girls remained at home with their moms who showed them the nuts and bolts of perusing and composing. Since music was a significant piece of Sparta’s strict celebrations, the young ladies needed to figure out how to sing and perform moves, for example, the bibasis, which was likewise a type of activity. Sparta was the main polis where the preparation of young ladies was endorsed and bolstered by open power. The girl’s physical instruction included, â€Å"running, wrestling, plate tossing, and heaving the javelin†, as accounted by Plutarch.The fundamental motivation behind why young ladies took an interest in physical exercises was to fill the state need of bringing forth solid an d sound youngsters, on the premise that the two guardians were solid and sound, as indicated by Barrow and Powell. (Blundell, 1995, 151; Fantham, 1994, 57-63; Pomeroy, 1975, 36; Pomeroy, 2002, 4-27 †Don’t realize who said what, notes given from a uni understudy. ) According to Plutarch, not at all like young ladies from different polis, Spartan young ladies wedded when â€Å"they were ready for it†, most likely around the age of eighteen when they were all the more truly develop and prepared for motherhood.Spartans were required to wed inside their own social class and was commonly organized between families, with the lady of the hour and man of the hour normally knowing each other in advance. Another type of marriage that was accepted to have been rehearsed in Sparta was marriage by catch. This happened when a man would pick a lady of the hour and steal her away. In spite of the fact that it seems like the lady of the hour had no way out in who she would wed, A. J. Ball recommends that the demonstration of â€Å"capture† was simply a representative demonstration. Plutarch expresses that the lady of the hour was dressed like a male with her hair shaved off in anticipation of the marriage.Some proposals why this method was attempted were on the grounds that it suggested celibacy, and to â€Å"ease† the husband to be into new grounds to have sex with a lady since he invested most of his energy with other men. Preliminary relationships were likewise drilled in Sparta. It was not bizarre for a hitched couple to stay quiet about their marriage until the introduction of their first kid, just on the off chance that the spouse was infertile thus another marriage agreement could be organized. The Spartan culture had a receptive demeanor towards extrama

Introducing the New EasyBib Add-in for Office 365 - EasyBib Blog

Introducing the New EasyBib Add-in for Office 365 - EasyBib Blog (2) Big news! The new EasyBib Add-in for Office 365 is now available, allowing you (or your students) to effortlessly cite as you write online. Best of all, this powerful new add-in is free! In Office 365, the EasyBib Add-in opens as a column to the right of a document and lets users automatically generate citations for books, articles, or websites. This means you can easily copy and paste a quote into the document, cite it with the add-in, and immediately start writing your paper without navigating between windows. More efficiency means more time. Depending on the source type, the EasyBib Add-in for Office 365 only needs the URL, title, author, ISBN, or keywords to begin the citation generation process. In addition, users can cite in MLA format, APA format, or Chicago style with just a few clicks. It really is that simple! Our digital bibliography is also dynamic when it comes to citation styles. You can start citing in MLA format, discover on your syllabus that it’s actually supposed to have APA citations, and go back and easily change the citation style. When you’re finally done with your paper, one click will insert your entire bibliography into the digital document. Voilà, and you’re done! The EasyBib Add-in is free and easy to download. Try it out today!

Economic and financial integration in emerging markets - Free Essay Example

A EUROPEAN POLICY ABSTRACT: This paper extends to test if the short and in the long run. Weak indica- the same short-run increase in cyclical tions are found that this may happen par- volatility arising from financial integration tially due to the anchoring of expectations is observed in this specific sample of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“emerg-provided by the EU Accession, and to the ing markets. This work finds signs that, more robust institutional framework contrary to other emerging markets, this imposed by this process onto the countries in does not happen: for the future Member question. States, financial integration, similarly to the KEY WORDS: Enlargement, European outcome observed in mature market Union, financial liberalization, booms, 81 economies, reduces cyclical volatility both in busts, cycles, volatility. 1. INTRODUCTION Financial and capital flows liberalization can play a fundamental role in increasing growth and welfare. Typically, emerging or developing economies seek foreign savings to solve the inter-temporal savings-investment problem. On the other hand, current account surplus countries seek opportunities to invest their savings. To the extent that capital flows from surplus to deficit countries are well intermediated and, therefore, put to the most productive use, they increase welfare. Liberalization can, however, also be dangerous, as has been witnessed in many past and recent financial, currency and banking crises. It can make countries more vulnerable to exogenous shocks. In particular, if serious macroeconomic imbalances exist in a recipient country, and if the financial sector is weak, be it in terms of risk management, prudential regulation and supervision, large capital flows can easily lead to serious financial, banking or currency crises. A number of recent crises, like those in Ea st Asia, Mexico, Russia, Brazil and Turkey (described, for example, in IMF (2001)), and, to some extent, the Argentinean episode of late 2001, early 2002, have demonstrated the potential risks associated with financial and capital flows liberalization. Central and Eastern Europe has a somewhat different experience, when compared to other emerging regions, concerning the financial liberalization process, as the process there seems to have been much less crisis-prone than in, for instance, Asia or Latin America. This maybe, at least partially, because the current high degree of external and financial liberalization in the Central Eastern European countries (CEECs), beyond questions of economic allocative efficiency, must be understood in terms of the process of Accession to the European Union. The EU integration process implies legally binding, sweeping liberalization measures-not only capital account liberalization, but investment by EU firms in the domestic financial services, and the maintenance of a competitive domestic environment, giving this financial liberalization process strong external incentives (and constraints). Those measures were implemented parallel to the development of a highly sophisticated regulatory and supervis ory structure, again based on EU standards. This whole process happened also with the EUs technical and financial support, through specific programs-like the PHARE one, for these so-called Accession, and the TACIS, for the former Soviet Union ones- and direct assistance from EU institutions, like the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Central Bank (also, on a very early stage of the transition process, the influence of the IMF in setting up policies and institutions in several countries in the region-an intervention widely considered to haven been successful-was important: see Hallerberg et al., 2002). Additionally, EU membership seems to act as an anchor to market expectations (see Vinhas de Souza and HÃÆ' ¶lscher, 2001), limiting the possibilities of self- fulfilling financial crises and regional contagion (see Linne, 1999), which had the observed devastating effects in both Asia and Latin America (even a major event, like the Russian collapse of 1998, had very reduced regional side effects). Several regional episodes of financial systems instability did happen (see Vinhas de Souza, 2002(a) and Vinhas de Souza, 2002(b)), but none with the prolonged negative consequences observed in other region (which was also due to the effective national policy actions undertaken after those episodes). This studys main aim is to expand the Kaminsky and Schmukler database (see Kaminsky and Schmukler, 2003), from now on indicated as KS, to include the Accession and Acceding Countries from Eastern Europe (namely, for Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Rom ania, Slovakia and Slovenia). In their original work, KS build an extensive database of external and financial liberalization, which includes both developed countries and countries from emerging regions (but not from Eastern Europe). With that, they create different indexes of liberalization (capital account, banking and stock markets: see Table I below) and using them individually and in an aggregate fashion, test for the effects and causality of this process on financial and real volatility, for the existence of differences between regions, and for the effects of the ordering of the liberalization process. One underlying hypotheses of this work is that the existing regulatory and institutional framework in Eastern Europe, plus a more sustainable set of macro policies, played an important role in enabling liberalization to largely deliver the welfare enhancing outcomes that it is supposed to. Such an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“anchoring role of the European Union in the CEECs, through the process of EU membership, and through the effective imposition of international standards of financial supervision and regulation, may indicate that, beyond multilateral organizations like the IMF or the OECD, a greater, pro-active regional stabilizing role in emerging markets by regional actors, for instance, the United States, or by some regional sub-grouping, like Mercosur, may also be welfare enhancing for other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“emerging regions. 2. CAPITAL ACCOUNT The achieving of capital account liberalization happened rather swiftly in most of the countries in our sample: by the mid 1990s, all bar Bulgaria and Romania had been declared Article VIII compliant (for those two countries, this happened in 1998: see Table II below). One of the main driving forces behind this was the process of European Integration, for which external liberalization is a pre-requisite: in the early to mid-1990s, all the countries had signed Association Agreements with the European Union (frequently preceded by trade liberalization agreements with the EU, also called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Europe trade agreements, usually with years given to the countries to prepare for their full implementation) and formally applied for EU membership. Another additional factor supporting liberalization was IMF and OECD membership: four of the larger countries in our sample became OECD members during the second half of the 1990s. Another factor to be considered, is the endogenous decision process to liberalize in a sustainable fashion. 3. BANKING SECTOR Financial integration, in the form of the opening up the banking sector to foreign banks, is seen as being positive, on a micro level, as foreign banks are usually better capitalized and more efficient than their domestic counterparts (of course, the domestic banking sector eventually catches-up: for an indication of this process at the ACs, see, among others, Tomova et al., 2003). Also from a macroeconomic perspective, financial integration maybe positive for the Eastern European countries, both for long run growth and, as there are indications that foreign banks do not contract either their credit supply nor their deposit base, in helping to smooth the cycle (see de Haas and Lelyveld, 2003: they find some indication that this is linked to the better capitalization base and prudential ratios, as better capitalized domestic banks behave similarly to foreign banks). Given the bank-centered nature of virtually all the financial systems of the future Member States, this is particularly important for them. In most of the member states, the initial stage of the creation of the two-tier banking system, modeled on the Western European à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“universal bank system, was characterized by rather liberal licensing practices and limited supervision policies (aimed at the fast creation of a de novo commercial, private banking sector: see Fleming et al., 1996, Balyozov, 1999, Enoch et al., 2002, SÃÆ' ¶rg et al., 2003). This caused a mushrooming of new banks in those countries in the early 1990s. Parallel to this, a series of banking crises, of varied proportions, affected most of those de novo banking systems, due to this lax institutional framework, inherited fragilities from the command economy period (the political need to support state-owned, inefficient industries, with the consequent accumulation of bad loans and also the financing of budget deficits), macroeconomic instability, risky expansion and investment strategies and also sheer inexperience, both from the investors and from regulators. Progressively, the re-capitalization, privatization and internationalization of the banking system (mostly into the hands of EU financial conglomerates), coupled with the implementation of a more robust, EU-modeled institutional framework, did away with most of those problems. Two of the worst cases where the set of Baltic banking crises and the Bulgarian episode, which are described in more detail below. Other smaller banking crises happened in Estonia in 1994 and 1998, and in Latvia in 1994. Caprio and Klingebiel, 2003, report smaller episodes of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“financial sector distress in the Czech Republic (94-95), Hungary (93), Poland (91-93), Romania (98-00), Slovakia (97) and Slovenia (92-94). The initial proliferation of banks was, quite naturally, followed by a process of consolidation and strengthening-parallel to the privatization of the remnant state-owned components of the financial system- of the banking sector in most of those economies (in Bulgaria, from 81 banks in 1992 to 35 in 2001, in the Czech Republic from 55 in 1995 to 38 in 2001, Estonia, from 42 in 1992 to 7 currently, while Hungary had 33 banks in 2002, showing only a very slight decrease from the early 1990s, Latvia from 56 in 1994 to 23, Lithuania from 27 in 1993 to 13, in Pola nd from 81 in 1995 to 71 in 2001, in Romania from 45 in 1998 to 41 in 2001, in Slovakia from 22 in 2000 to 19 in 2001, and in Slovenia, where the number fell from 25 to 21 during 2001 alone). This consolidation process was frequently led by foreign companies, which now hold the majority of the assets of the banking system in virtually all of them-contrary to the situation in the current EU Member States-bar Slovenia. This process now has a component of regional expansion of the Eastern European banks themselves, or, more precisely in most cases, the regional expansion of Western banks via some of their locally-owned subsidiaries (see SÃÆ' ¶rg et al., 2003, ibid). The share of banking assets to GDP, nevertheless, is still far below the Euro area average (which stood at around 265% of GDP by end 2001), compared with 47% in Bulgaria, 136% in the Czech Republic, 72% in Estonia and Latvia, 32% in Lithuania, 63% in Poland, 60% in Hungary, 30% in Romania, 96% in Slovakia and 94% in Slovenia (data also for 2001). Another peculiar feature of the banking system in the region is that foreign currency lending -usually euro-denominated-to residents is very high, especially in the B altic republics: with 80% of total loans in Estonia, 56% in Latvia and 61% in Lithuania. Also, the Baltic countries have substantial shares of deposits by non-residents, with over 10% in Estonia and Lithuania and close to 5% in Latvia (Latvia, with its close trading ties to Russia, has a particular strategy of selling itself as a stable financial services center to CIS depositors: see IMF, 2003(b), ibid). The supervision system has also substantially improved, and, following recent international-and EU- best practice, is now centered in independent universal supervisory agencies in the most advanced of those countries (Reininger et al., 2002, ibid., estimate that the formal regulatory environment for the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland is actually above the EU, and that its actual enforcement level is at its average;Liive, 2003, gives a description of the Estonian experience that culminated in the creation of the EFSA -Estonian Financial Supervisory Authority- in January 2002). 3.1 BANKING CRISES IN EASTERN EUROPE The Baltic bank crises were, to different degrees, linked to liquidity difficulties related tolerations with Russia (in the November 1992 Estonian case, by the freezing of assets held by some Estonian banks in their former Moscow headquarters, while the Latvian and Lithuanian episodes of, respectively, March and December 1995, were caused by the drying-up of lucrative trade-financing opportunities with Russia, whose export commodities, at that time, were still below world price levels) and regulatory tightening (Latvia, Lithuania), compounded by the elimination of credit opportunities with the implementation of the Estonian and Lithuanian CBAs (Currency Board Arrangements). In Lithuania, as in Bulgaria, the financing of the budget deficit also played a role. In the Estonian and Latvian cases, around 40% of the assets of the banking system where compromised, in the Lithuanian and Bulgarian cases, around a third. The Bulgarian 1996-1997 crisis eliminated a third of its banking sector, and led the country to hyperinflation (reaching over 2000% in March 1997, see Yotzov, 2002). Its roots lie in the political instability that preceded it (which, on its turn, led to inadequate real sector reform, with state-owned, loss making enterprises being financed via the budget deficit or through arrears with the, at the time, still mostly state-owned part banking sector: those arrears were, in turn, partially monetized by the Bulgarian National Bank -BNB- and the largest state bank, the State Savings Bank -SSB). Periodic foreign exchange crises (March 1994, February 1997) and bank runs (late1995, late 1996, early 1997) were part of this picture. The implementation of tighter supervisory procedures during 1996 (giving the BNB the power to close insolvent banks), and a tightening of policy actually led to more bank runs. A caretaker government in February 1997 (before a newly elected government took power in May) paved the way to longer lasting reform and the implementation of t he CBA, with its tighter budget constraints towards both the government and the banking sector. This reform process happened with the support from multilateral institutionsamely, (namely the IMF). 4. STOCK MARKETS The existence of stock markets is assumed to be beneficial for economic performance. In principle, it provides a way for companies to raise capital at lower costs than through simple banking intermediation, and because it is not as restricted a source of capital as internal financing. Also, it is assumed that the existence of alternative modes of finance may reduce the likelihood of credit crunches caused by problems with the banking sector (see Greenspan, 2000). Additionally, the existence of external ownership is (or was, given the recent problems with market-based governance in the US and the EU, and the shift towards a more regulated environment) assumed to provide better governance for the management of firms. The majority of economic analyses seem to support the position that a diversified financing mix is positive for economic growth and stability. As described in the previous section, all the financial sectors in the Member States are bank-centered, with stock markets playing marginal roles in most of them (and, in some, a very marginal role: in Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania, their average market capitalization in GDP terms is below 5%: see Figure I below). All of these countries had (re-)established stock markets by the mid-90s (see Table III above). About half of the future Member States used them to drive the initial process of re-privatization, either via mass issues of voucher certificates for residents (the most famous case of this strategy was the Czech Republic), or via IPOs (Initial Public Offerings) re-privatization processes, to lock-in domestic and foreign strategic investors (see Claessens at al., 2000). In the voucher-driven privatization, the initial large number of investors and traded stocks in those stock markets was soon concentrated in a rather limited number of institutional investors-domestic and foreign- and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“blue chip stocks. In the IPO-driven markets, the number of stocks and investors actually tended to increase with time, albeit from a rather concentrated base. Even in the largest ones, nevertheless, market capitalization, as a GDP share, was and remains rather low (see Figure I below), and far below the EU average (around 72% of GDP). Only in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia the average market capitalization is above a 20% GDP share, while in Romania is below 1% in several years. Also, the average market turnover is equally below the one observed in comparable EU economies. Similarly to what is observed in the banking sector, the initial regulatory environment was deliberately lax, and the regulators were plagued by much the same problems of inexperience and limited number of staff and resources. This does not mean that domestic agents in those countries lack access to the financial services supposed to be provided by stock markets: the very process of opening up, the increase in cross-border trade in financial services, the harmonization of rules for capital trading with the EU (including the ongoing efforts of the Lamfalussy Committee towards a single European market for securities: according to the current proposal, small and medium size firms would be able to use a simplified prospectus valid throughout the EU and choose the country of its approval), plus the development of information technology, all imply that is not actually necessary-nor economically optimal, given economies of scale-for each individual country to have its own separate stock market. One must also recall that the current national stock markets in the mature developed economies are themselves the result of process of consolidation-and closing-of smaller regional stock markets (as was observed in Bulgari a in the early 1990s), which still today coexist with larger, dominant national stock exchanges even in some mature markets, like Germany and the US. Nevertheless, the observed tendency of domestic larger companies, with presumed better growth prospects, to list abroad (see Table IV below), due to the obvious cost and liquidity advantages of the larger international stock markets, does seems, on balance, to deprive those stock markets of liquidity (see Claessens at al., 2003). On the other hand, nonresidents seem to play a major role in most of those markets (accounting for 77% of the capitalization in Estonia, 70% in Hungary and half of the free-float capitalization in Lithuania). All the specific questions described above concerning the way those stock exchanges were founded and their later developments, plus their relative smallness and shallowness, affect the dynamics of their stock market indexes (SMI), and are clearly reflected by them (as one may see in Figure II, below). This, coupled with the rather limited duration of the series, may affect their adequacy as proxies of financial cycles. Source: Datastream, modified by the authors. The price indexes here were converted to US Dollars and re-based to a common reference period were they equal 100, May of 1998. The country codings are as described in the Annexes. 5. ESTIMATED INDEXES The construction of the index for this new sample of countries was the core of this work. A comprehensive effort was done to crosscheck the information collected from papers and publications with national sources. Below we present the estimated monthly index, for the period January 1990 to June 2003 (see Figure III). The base data for its construction was collected from IMF and EBRD publications, and then exhaustively verified both with national sources and with works written about the individual countries and the region. This is an index that falls with liberalization, where maximum liberalization equals one and minimum three (in this sense, one could actually see it as an index of financial repression). As an additional robustness check, the year-end value of the index here constructed was regressed on the combined EBRDs yearly indexes of banking sector reform and non-banking financial sector reform. The results from a panel regression with the index constructed here on the LHS and the EBRD index on the RHS yield a coefficient of .60, and correlations among the individual country- specific index series range from -0.91 to -0.35. As one may see from Figure III above, the process of integration and liberalization was almost continuous throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. The spikes in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Full Liberalization Index in the early 1990s do not indicate reversals: the merely reflect the entry into the sample of the newly independent Baltic republics. As former members of the Soviet Union, they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enter the world as highly closed economies, but those countries introduced liberalization reforms almost immediately from the start. After this, a slight increasing trend, that does reflect a mild liberalization reversal, is observed, starting mid-1994 and lasting until early 1997, from when a continuous liberalization trend is observed. Noteworthy here is the fact that virtually none of the obvious candidates for a reversal of liberalization (the 1997 Asian Crisis, the collapse of the Czech monetary arrangement in 1997, the collapse of the Bulgarian monetary arrangement in 1996/97, the 1998 Russian Crisis, the 1999-2001 oil price shocks-as all those economies are highly dependent of imported energy sources) seems to have driven these mild liberalization reversals. Comparing the Full Index constructed here with the one constructed by KS, for similar time samples, one may observe that the ACs start substantially below the average level of other emerging markets- i.e., they are more liberalized, but both the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“entry of the initially less liberalized former Soviet republics, plus continuous liberalization efforts in the emerging market KS set reverse this situation. A similar liberalization reversal trend in both the ACs and the merging market set is observed from early 1994, but it is actually slightly st ronger on the ACs sample, until its reversal in 1996. By the end of our sample, the ACs are clearly below the final value for the emerging set in KSs sample. This sort of remarkably fast pattern of the ACs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leapfroging towards best international practice is also observed in several types of institutional frameworks, like, for instance, monetary policy institutions and instruments (see Vinhas de Souza and HÃÆ' ¶lscher, 2001): a process that virtually took decades for Western central banks was compressed in a half a dozen years in the Future Member States. Nevertheless, by the end of the sample, both emerging and ACs are still above the level of mature, developed economies. Analyzing the individual components of the index (see Figure V), one may see that, abstracting again from the initial spikes in the index, which are, as explained above, caused by the addition of new countries to the sample, the 1994/1997 reversal of liberalization was essentially driven by the Fi nancial Sector liberalization component. As will become clear with the country specific analysis below, this was related, in most cases, to-and here it must be stressed that those were rather limited reversals-to the banking crises that plagued several countries in our sample in the early to mid 1990s. Comparing now the individual components of the Full Index constructed here with the ones from KS, again for emerging and mature economies, it becomes clear that the reversals observed in Figure IV were driven by different sources in the emerging set (increase in capital account restrictions) and ACs set (financial sector): see Figure VI. All the indexes for mature economies are, again as one would expect, substantially lower. One could, in principle, aggregate the countries in our sample in three different groups: rapid liberalizers (the ones that followed a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big bang early approach, without major reversals: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), consistent liberalizers (the ones that followed a more delayed path, but also without major roll backs: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland) and cautious liberalizers (the ones whose liberalization path was either openly inconsistent or downright mistrustful: Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia). 5.1 COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY LIBERALIZATION PATH. In Bulgaria, virtually no sign of a liberalization reversal is observed, even during the substantial stress experienced by the country during the banks runs of 1996/97 and the ultimate collapse of the floating regime in 1997 (beyond ad hoc restrictive measures adopted by the banks themselves). As in most of the countries in my sample, the stock market is the last one to liberalize, but does so in a faster fashion. Nevertheless, this is in most cases a data quasi-artifact that arises from the later (re-)constitution of the stock exchange itself. In the Czech Republic, a limited reversal of the financial sector liberalization is observed from late1995 to late 1997, namely, via the imposition of limits on banks short-term open positions towards on-residents, as a way to limit the exposure of the financial sector to the inflows brought about by the hard peg and the potential gains with interest rate differentials. After the peg was replaced by the current float regime, this restriction i s duly removed. In Estonia, again, virtually no sign of a liberalization reversal is observed, even during the bank runs of the early 1990s, the unwinding of the 1997 bubble, nor during the 1998 Russian crisis. Again, the stock market is the last one to liberalize, but one more time, this arises from the later constitution of the stock exchange. In Hungary, also no signs of any liberalization reversal are observed. Hungary was an early reformer, introducing some liberalization measures already during the late 1980s, but the profile of its reform path is much more discounted through time, as compared, for instance, with the Baltic countries. In Latvia, a rather limited reversal of the financial sector liberalization is observed from mid 1996all the way to early 2003: resulting from the 1996 banking crisis, specific aggregate lending limits to regions (i.e., limits on exposure to non-OECD countries, bar the other Baltic republics) are imposed. In Lithuania, a limited reversal of the f inancial sector liberalization is observed from early 1998, also resulting from the experienced banking crisis: reserve requirements on deposits on foreign accounts by non-resident are introduced; In Poland, no signs of any liberalization reversal are observed. Similarly to Hungary, the profile of its reform path is much more discounted through time; In Romania, no signs of any liberalization reversal are observed, but the reform path is a decidedly slow and cautious one: at the end of the sample, it has the highest (i.e., less liberalized) score for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Full Index of all countries in the sample: 1.60 (see Table V). In Slovakia, no signs of any liberalization reversal are observed. Here, the reform path is characterized by a broad stagnation since the Czechoslovak partition till 1998/1999, when, after a change in the political leadership, reforms are re-started, reaching after that levels similar to the other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Vise grad countries in a rather quick fash ion. In Slovenia, one of the most consistently cautious Member States concerning the advantages of integration and liberalization, reversals are indeed observed in all three indexes, since early 1995in the capital account and financial sector components, and from early 1997 in the stock market one. Since early 1999, with the entry in effect of the EU Association Agreement, across-the-board further (re)liberalization measures have been introduced. 6. FINANCIAL CYCLES AND LIBERALIZATION The financial cycle coding which is used by KS defines cycles as a at least twelve month-long strictly downwards (upwards) movement, followed by a equally upwards (downwards) 12-month movement from the through (peak) of a stock market index, measured in USD, as they should reflect returns from the point of view of an international investor. As described in the stock market section of this work, one must be warned that there are specific factors in the countries in our sample that may affect the effectiveness of a stock market index as an adequate proxy of financial cycles, at least for the sample here considered. Beyond that, these series have a rather limited time extension (our sample covers the 01:1990-06:2003 period). Adapting KS criteria to the limited time dimension of our sample, we use a less stringent definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cycle, the same algorithm as above but with a 3-month window for the cycle (Edwards et al., 2003, use a 6-month window). With this we get 118 obse rvations for all countries in our sample. Of these 118 cycles, 61 are upward, with an average of 7.51 months duration, and 57 are downward, with an average of 8.20 months of duration. 7. CONCLUSION The main aim of this paper was to extend the index developed by Kaminsky and Schmukler, 2003, for a specific sample of countries, namely, the previously centrally planned economies from Central and Eastern Europe, and to perform a similar analysis on them. Our results do lend some support to the basic assumption of this study: in spite of all the limitations of the time series used (their shortness, the fact that they were buffeted by several country-specific and common shocks), a re-estimation of KSs core regressions strongly supports the notion that financial liberalization does generate benefits both in the short and in the long run, measured via the extension of the amplitude of upward cycles and its reduction for downward cycles of stock market indexes. Importantly, these results diverge from KS, as in their work à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“emerging markets experience a relative short run increase in the amplitude of downward cycles. Another noteworthy feature is that only minor liberalizat ion reversals, led by the financial sector component, were observed in the aggregate index. Also, those reversals do not seem to be driven by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“contagion from shocks in other emerging markets (like the Asian or Russian crisis), but reflect country-specific shocks. When considering the individual components of the index separately, again signs of minor reversals in financial sector liberalization are observed, related to temporary reactions to the several banking crisis observed in the region. Concerning the importance of institutions and of the EU Accession, this papers initial assumption was that the mostly positive results above would come about due to the anchoring of expectation provided by the perspective of entry into the EU already by mid-2004 (or 2007, in the case of Bulgaria and Romania) for the countries here analyzed, and by the imposition of a more robust macro and institutional framework by the requirements of the Accession process itself. Signs of this ar e not found in the KS regressions, perhaps because the liberalization index itself captures the effects of the EU Accession process. Finally, using a different framework than KSs to assess the affects of liberalization on financial, real and nominal volatility, most of the econometric results seem to support the previous ones, but they seem to indicate that the capital account liberalization is the element that most consistently and significantly reduces volatility. On this final section, the majority the econometric results seem to support some specific role for the EU Enlargement process in reducing volatility.

Human Trafficking Essay - 1195 Words

In 1865 slavery was abolished in the United States. At least that it was most Americans believe but that is not the case. In today’s society we have an issue that is just a horrific as slavery back in the day. It is the trafficking of women and children. The online Oxford Dictionary defines human trafficking as, â€Å" the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.† Therefore, this is modern day slavery. Women and children are being tortured, abused, and scared physically and mentally for the rest of their lives. Also, once in the sex-trade business it is very unlikely that the victim will come out alive. About 30,000 women and children are found dead each year due to them being†¦show more content†¦Even though sex-trafficking victims go through extensive therapy after being rescued it is still very hard to return to everyday life knowing that for some period of time you were enslaved, tortured, and abused. Sex-trafficking victims not only have emotional scars they have physical scars from being tortured and abused by their â€Å"pimps† but they have health issues that they may have to deal with for the rest of their lives. In the Sex/Slavery Trafficking article it asserts, â€Å" Once â€Å"broken in,† sex trafficked victims can service up to 30 men a day, and are vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy.† This just goes to show to what extent the victims can be traumatized. A girl who is still a virgin is like a pot of gold to these men. They have rape them and then the girls are scared for the rest of their lives knowing that some random man who raped her took her virginity. Also, for the women that are infected with HIV that is just puts an even bigger burden on their shoulders because everyday they will be reminded of what their life once was because they will have this disease for the rest of their life. Many of us will never understand what kind of struggle these women go through every day and therefore we need to take action and be doing something more to help the victims ofShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pagesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking930 Words   |  4 Pagesman. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or tak en lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addictionRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreThe Human Of Human Trafficking Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesin 1865, the practice of it is still very alive today. Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the buying and selling of people, whether it s for forced labor or commercial sex. Every year, thousands of adults and childre n, especially girls, are forced into the endless trafficking ring. â€Å"The International Labour Organization estimates that there are 20.9 million victims of human trafficking globally† (â€Å"The Facts†). The human trafficking industry is a worldwide network that is worth an estimatedRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreHuman Trafficking1355 Words   |  6 PagesRigdon November 16, 2014 Human Trafficking and its Dire Effects. Human Trafficking in the United States is something not a lot of people discuss. Most think it is only something that happens in third world countries, but in fact could be happening in their hometown. According to Protocol to Prevent, Subdue and Punish Trafficking in Persons, human trafficking in the modern world entails transfer of persons by use of applied force. Other methods used to enforce the trafficking include use of deceptionRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)Read MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, it

Major Accomplishments of Cartimandua, Brigantine Queen

In the mid-first century, the Romans were in the process of conquering Britain. In the north, extending into what is now Scotland, the Romans faced the Brigantes. Tacitus wrote of a queen leading one of the tribes within the larger group of tribes called the Brigantes. He described her as flourishing in all the splendor of wealth and power.  This was Cartimandua (about 47–69 CE), whose name includes the word for pony or small horse. In the face of the Roman conquests progress, Cartimandua decided to make peace with the Romans instead of confronting them.  She was thus allowed to continue to rule, now as a client-queen.   Some in a neighboring tribe within Cartimanduas territory in 48 C.E. attacked the Roman armies as they moved forward to conquer what is now Wales.  The Romans successfully resisted the attack, and the rebels, headed by Caractacus, asked for aid from Cartimandua.  Instead, she turned Caractacus over to the Romans. Caractactus was taken to Rome where Claudius spared his life. Cartimandua was married to Venutius but wielded power as a leader in her own right. A struggle for power among the Brigantes and even between Cartimandua and her husband broke out. Cartimandua asked for help from the Romans in regaining peace, and with the Roman legion behind her, she and her husband made peace. The Brigantes did not join the rebellion of  Boudicca  in 61 C.E., probably because of Cartimanduas leadership in maintaining good relations with the Romans. In 69 C.E., Cartimandua divorced her husband Venutius and married his charioteer or arms bearer.  The new husband then would have become king. But Venutius raised support and attacked, and, even with Roman assistance, Cartimandua couldnt put down the revolt. Venutius became king of the Brigantes and ruled it briefly as an independent kingdom. The Romans took Cartimandua and her new husband under their protection and removed them from her old kingdom.  Queen Cartimandua disappears from history. Soon the Romans moved in, defeated Venutius, and ruled the Brigantes directly. Importance of Cartimandua The importance of Cartimanduas story as part of Roman Britains history is that her position makes clear that in Celtic culture at the time, women were at least occasionally accepted as leaders and rulers. The story is also important as a contrast to Boudiccas.  In Cartimanduas case, she was able to negotiate a peace with the Romans and stay in power.  Boudicca failed  to continue her rule  and was defeated in battle because she rebelled and refused to submit to Roman authority. Archaeology In 1951–1952, Sir Mortimer Wheeler headed an excavation at Stanwick, North Yorks, in northern England.  The earthwork complex there has been studied again and dated to the late Iron Age in Britain, and new excavations and research were carried out 1981–2009, as reported by Colin Haselgrove for the Council of British Archaeology in 2015. Analysis continues and may reshape the understanding of the period.  Originally, Wheeler believed that the complex was the site of Venutius and that Cartimanduas center was to the south.  Today, more are concluding the site is that of Cartimanduas rule. Recommended Resource Nicki Howarth Pollard.  Cartimandua: Queen of the Brigantes. 2008.

Chicano Movement Essay - 1250 Words

More than a century of prejudice against one of the largest minority residing in the United States that continues today. To these days Hispanics are targets of discrimination and are not offer equal opportunities in jobs and education. The roots of discrimination go back to the end of the Mexican War when thousands of Mexicans became American citizens overnight. The sign of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo not only transfer land to the United States but also the people that live there before it became territory of the United States. These people began to suffer from discrimination in their owl land. Their sons and daughters did not have better luck because even thought they were born in the United States therefore they are American citizens†¦show more content†¦Finally after many deacades of suffering the Chicanos decided to make their voices be heard around the country and fight discrimination and to demand the rigthts they desrve as Americdan citizens. The Chicano movement began since the U.S took hundreds of miles from Mexico at the end of the Mexican War in 1848. The thousands of Mexican that were living in the territory that became part of the U.S became American citizens overnight and since then countless Chicanos have confronted discrimination, racism and exploitation in their own country. Mexican Americans is the term used to describeShow MoreRelatedSuccess Of The Chicano Movement1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chicano movement was a movement that inspired thousands of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans to boldly take a stand against discriminatory oppression. For years, the Chicano movement fought for Mexicans’ rights. However, the movement failed to recognize that its women were an oppressed group that also needed to be heard by the gringos and their system. The women were oppressed triply through race, class, and gender. Chicanas not only had to fight the American system that worked against colored minoritiesRead MoreThe Movement Of The Chicano Movement1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chicano movement that occurred in the 60’s and 70’s came out during the same time of the Civil Rights Movement. It was about fighting for social, political, and economic justice for Chicano people. The issues that were highlighted in the movement were; restoration of lan d grant rights, fair treatment of farm workers, educational access and dismantling racial discrimination for Chicano youth, and pushing for voting rights. Common historiographies of the Chicano civil rights movement in the 60Read MoreThe Chicano Movement During The 1960s1261 Words   |  6 Pages Montejano describes the Chicano movement during the 1960s in San Antonio, Texas. Montejano wrote this book to inform readers of the events that happened within the Chicano community. San Antonio was mostly populated by Mexican-Americans in the 1960s, but was generally governed by Anglos. Anglos-Saxons did nothing to meet the needs of Mexican- Americans living in the West and South sides of San Antonio which were historically the lower income parts of town with the majority of people taking residenceRead MoreThe Chicano Movement By Frank Romero1024 Words   |  5 Pagesto society. The Chicano movement started in the 1960s; the public wanted to repair social injustice. The Chicano movement encompassed a broad section of issues; from restoration of lands, to farm workers’ rights, to enhance education, to voting and political rights. At this moment many individuals were trying different ways to express their views and one of those ways was art. In the early years of the Chicano movement, Frank Romero established a reputation as one of the Chicano art heroes. ThroughRead MoreThe Chicano Movement : A Unique, Dramatic, And Multifaceted Social Struggle Of Affirmation1756 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Chicano community undertook a unique, dramatic, and multifaceted social struggle of affirmation. This historic phase became more and more varied and complex then previous struggles (Maciel, 2010). Mexican Americans took movement, defined and took pride in their own identity, asserted their civil rights, worked toward self-determination by improving their financial, social, and political circumstances. â€Å"Similar to other movements of this period promoting civil rights, the Chicano movement madeRead More The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-AmericansRead MoreChicano Movement1269 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican citi zens also continue to suffer from discrimination because of their background. After more than three generation of being born in America Chicanos decided to revolt. The Chicano movement bloomed in the 1960s when the generation was tired of the racial discrimination and decides to fight for their rights. They created organizations to help Chicanos, organize walkouts to protest against inadequate learning environment and they protested against unequal opportunists in jobs. The United StatesRead MoreMexican Civit Rights Movement 1940s Vs Chicano Movement 1960s592 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the many similarities about the Mexican American Civil Rights movements and the Chicano Movement in the 60s- 70s is that they fought for what they believed they had a right to have. Many in the 1940’s and in the 1960’s stepped up to show their loyalty to the United States by joining the military and sadly manly lost their lives during World War II and the Vietnam War. They were many Mexican Americans who were stationed in infantry and many dangerous areas during the war. They all fought withRead MoreOverview of the Chicano Movement691 Words   |  3 Pagesre-definition of the term Chicano came about during the 1960s due to the efforts of many young Mexican and Mexican-American students who infused a sense of social, artistic, political and educational pride in themselves and in their culture. These people were able to take this particular term and red efine it to their own liking as a symbol of pride and solidarity. To that end, there were many different impetuses that helped to spawn what has been called the Chicano movement. Initially, this movementsRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of America1832 Words   |  8 Pagessuffer discrimination, poverty, and injustice. Tired of the injustice against Mexican immigrants and the discrimination they suffered, the Mexican-American started a movement, the Chicano movement. The Chicano movement occurs after being tired from suffering, for many years, margination, poverty and a broken â€Å"american dream†. The Chicanos besides succeeding in the creation of literary and visual arts that validated the ethnicity of the Mexican-American culture, they also achieved numerous legal and

Ethics Ethical And Ethical Values - 1591 Words

1. What is ethics? How are ethical values formed? Can ethics be taught or changed? Explain why ethics are important to MIS. How do ethics relate to laws and to codes of conduct? What are Kohlberg’s Six Stages of Moral Development and how does that relate to ethics in MIS? Ethics is defined as the branch of philosophy that involves organizing, defending and endorsing the concepts of right and wrong behavior. Several factors contribute to the formation of ethical values of an individual including family and peer influences, personal moral values, life experiences, and situational factors. Changing someone’s ethical beliefs is a challenging task as a person has gone through several phases of life and experiences that shape his ethical behavior. However, ethics refers to knowledge of what ought to be done, so it can be taught if a person has the willingness to change. Numerous organizations have successfully developed ethical cultures by providing ethical guidelines to their employees, supporting the fact that ethics can be taught. Advent of information systems and technology has raised substantial ethical issues. The ease to collect, assimilate, and dispense information has given birth to increasing concerns about the appropriate use of customer i nformation, protection of privacy and intellectual property. It is important for professionals to understand their ethical responsibilities towards information systems and follow ethical standards to enforce accountability, safeguardShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Ethical Values2535 Words   |  11 PagesThe ethical values are part of every person in all countries around the world. Each society has its own culture, beliefs, values, customs or habits that tend to shape the population that reside or were born in the country. Individuals tend to learn their ethical values at a pre-conventional period, during childhood and at that time, the beliefs of what is wrong or right start to be shaped inside them. EthicsRead MoreEthical Dilemm Ethics And Values1339 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemma (noun) a choice between two options, both of which will bring a negative result based on society and p ersonal guidelines. Everyone encounters ethical dilemmas it is the reaction to the ethical dilemma that defines their character. For me I think a person s ethics and values really show who they are as a person and their character Coach Lantz walked up to me to check how I was feeling. My shins were throbbing with pain from the warm-up lap. My anxiety began then my heart startedRead MoreEthical Values And Ethics Within The Organization1028 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial reporting. The actions and behaviors of management must illustrate DU’s commitment to ethics and intolerance of deviant conduct. Thus, management is responsible for setting the appropriate example for the organization. This memo describes the importance of demonstrating ethical values and a culture of integrity within the organization, four proposed programs to promote the values and ethics at DU, and the merits of each. â€Å"Tone at the Top† Overview Setting the right â€Å"tone at the top† ofRead MoreCode Of Ethics : Nursing Values And Ethical Responsibilities1602 Words   |  7 PagesI. CODE OF ETHICS IN NURSING There are seven primary fundamental values in the code of ethics for registered Nurses These values are entitled as â€Å"Nursing values and Ethical Responsibilities.† (Centennial Edition, 2008) ï  ¶ Nursing Values and Ethical Responsibilities 1) Providing Care Nurses should be able to provide safe, skilled and proficient, solicitous care to the patients. The relation between the nurse and the patient. 2) Promoting Health and Well-Being Nurses should be enable to work withRead MoreEthical Dilemm Ethics, Values, Morals And Other Law And Policies1520 Words   |  7 PagesEthical dilemma occurs when there are two ways of doing things. One way can be the moral way by taking any decision and other can be the legal way. It is a situation which can involve an apparent conflict between moral values or actions which if obeyed, may result in emotional decisions taken (Allen, 2012) In order to determine an ethical dilemma it is necessary to make a distinction between ethics, values, morals and other law and policies. Ethical dilemma also involves the distinction betweenRead MoreTable of content 1. Introduction 2. Importance of values and ethics in the business †¢ Ethical1200 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of values and ethics in the business †¢ Ethical conducts in organisations 3. Importance of leadership in the success of business Introduction â€Å"Ethics can be defined as moral principles that govern or influence a person’s behaviour and values are the context in which an organisation or society’s norms are established and justified† (buzz text book).Ethics are the guidelines helping us tell the difference between the is wrong and right. Most people are encouraged by ethics to normallyRead MoreThe Importance Of Acting Ethically When Working As A Nurse1318 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of acting ethically when working as a nurse. Introduction: Ethics is an essential aspect of health care practice and those working in the nursing profession are often subject to frequent ethical dilemmas. It is essential for all nurses to be aware of the importance of ethics in health care and to practice within the ethico-legal parameters that govern the profession. However, while this is relatively easy in theory, ethics is not a black and white subject and often one’s culture, upbringingRead MoreValues That Make An Ethical Business Leader972 Words   |  4 PagesValues That Make an Ethical Business Leader Values and ethics are essential for any good business leader, but what exactly does it mean to have good values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, however they both are very relevant in business leaders. â€Å"Values can be defined as things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or an organization. Values determine what is right and what is wrong, and doing what is right or wrong is what defines ethics. To behaveRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences Between Different Ethical Theories651 Words   |  3 Pagesand Differences in Ethics: The main aim of any ethical theory is to do what is right and good since it involves moral rules or acting based on specific ethical values. In certain cases, the right and good as well as the ethical rules and values are sometimes common to various ethical theories. Even though ethical theories have different reasons for application, there is an overlap in these theories that result in similar conduct in an ethical situation. There are various ethical theories with differencesRead MoreEthical Management Processes in an International Company1039 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Ethical Management Processes in an International Company Introduction There are five things that can be done by the international business and its managers to ensure that ethical issues are calculated into the organizations business decisions. Those five are as follows: (1) hiring and promotion is accomplished within a framework of personal ethics; (2) the organizational culture is constructed with value placed on behavior that is ethical; (3) the organization ensure that leaders not only speak

Puppy Mills Free Essays

Tiffany Baldeo MWF 8:00-8:50am ENC1101 Informative Essay Puppy Mills, Be gone! Bulldogs on sale! Yorkie puppies available here! Have you ever wondered where all these cheap puppies for sale in pet stores come from? The answer is that they are produced in factory-like environments known as â€Å"puppy mills†. Puppy mills are large-scale dog breeding operations where profit is given priority over the well-being of the dogs. Puppy mills treat dogs like products, not living beings, and usually house them in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions without adequate veterinary care, socialization, or even food and water. We will write a custom essay sample on Puppy Mills or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cute puppies for sale at your local mall were probably bred from dogs that don’t play outside or get groomed. Puppy mill dogs are typically kept in cages with wire flooring that injures their paws and legs and cages can be stacked up in a column, which means waste falls on the dogs housed below them. Compromised health and conditions like matting, sores, mange, severe dental disease and abscesses are often widespread. Many puppy mill puppies are born with or develop overt physical problems that make them unsalable to pet stores, which mean they end up abandoned or just left to die. Many sick puppies do manage to end up at pet stores, though, where the new puppy owner unknowingly purchases the sick dog. Breeding dogs at the mills sometimes spend their entire lives outdoors, exposed to the elements, or crammed inside filthy structures. When a parent at a puppy mill is no longer able to produce, the dog may be given to the nearest shelter, abandoned, or even destroyed. Also, because the puppies produced in puppy mills do not have safe and healthy homes selected for them ahead of time, if they are not purchased by the time they hit a certain age, they may suffer the same fate. Female dogs usually have little to no recovery time between bearing litters. When, after a few years, the females can no longer reproduce or when their breed goes out of style, the dogs are often abandoned, shot, or starved until they eventually die. Many pet stores with cute puppies for sale will tell you that they don’t get their puppies from puppy mills. They’ll say their puppies are all from â€Å"USDA licensed breeders. † If you dig a little deeper into what that actually means, you’ll find that it’s not worth much. The standards of care required by the USDA are woefully inadequate and not what most of us would consider humane. They leave a lot of room for dogs to be severely mistreated. Even if they were adequate, they’re not enforced. Take a look at a scathing report done by the Inspector General on USDA’s lax enforcement of the law regulating breeders and judge for yourself whether USDA licensing of puppy mills is enough to make you shop at stores that sell puppies. In fact, you only have to be licensed by USDA as a commercial breeder if you are selling puppies to pet stores or brokers. So USDA licensure is actually a pretty good indicator that the breeders are, in fact, puppy mills. Small hobby breeders, who sell their dogs directly to the public, including those who only sell their puppies online, do not have to be licensed or inspected by USDA. Don’t support the industry. Most pet shop puppies come from puppy mills, and so do most dogs sold over the Internet. Pet shop puppies are separated from their mother at as young as six weeks of age. The health of the puppies is not always guaranteed. Purchasing a puppy for sale at a pet store or online often supports the horrible puppy mill industry. Buying anything in pet stores that sell puppies supports the industry, too. Buy all your pet supplies, toys, pet food, and kitty litter, from stores that do not sell puppies, or buy your pet supplies online from websites that do not sell puppies. Breeders or owners of large kennels are supposed to adhere to regulations and follow protocol when it comes to their business and the wellbeing of the animals that are in their facilities. The puppy mills project states that of the 3,000 USDA licensed breeding facilities, a large number of them have violations that go unpunished and led to the maltreatment of the animals behind the walls. The United States government should be making more strides to help the animals that must endure these horrific living conditions. The Animal Bill of Rights is being used by the Animal legal defense Club to show that there is a large amount of support that is going towards the promotion of more strict animal rights. They also need to help congress come up with harsher punishments for the people that feel that they are above the law and do not need to follow the laws when it comes to animals and abuse. The Fund also states in their website that in the United States about 45 states including the District of Columbia have a type of felony level animal cruelty provision which may be in forced in cases of animal fighting or death of an animal. States need to take a closer look at the puppy mill facilities or â€Å"breeding kennels† and take more drastic measures against people who violate regulations. It is not fair to the animals that they have to live in such conditions that can make them sick and feel unloved. How to cite Puppy Mills, Papers

Compliance Management System

Question: Describe about the Compliance Management System? Answer: Executive Summary This management report will be prepared after thorough research and will aim at promoting an appropriate compliance management system for an organisation. The main aim of preparing this report is to present a suitable compliance management plan. The organisation that has been selected is Woolworths Limited an Australian retail organisation with an extensive retail in Australia and Nez Zealand. Founded in the year 1924 in Sydney, Australia, Woolworths Limited manages some of the most recognised and trusted brands of Australia. The organisation requires a compliance management system so as to maintain support with local compliance and investigation, design reviews and corporate audits. This report carefully and clearly outlines the type of compliance management system that will be most suitable for Woolworths Limited, the main aims and objectives that the system will seek to accomplish, how this system will be established in the organisation, the methodology which eill be used to moni tor the system, the technique of evaluation, etc. Establishment of System A Compliance Management System is defined as a system which enables as an organisation to maintain support with the local compliance and investigation, corporate audits and design reviews (Tarantino, 2008). In broader sense, compliance management system is how an institution: Learns about its compliance responsibilities Ensures that employees understand these responsibilities Ensures that requirements are incorporated into business processes Reviews operations to ensure responsibilities are carried out and requirements are met Takes corrective action and updates materials as necessary An effective compliance management system is commonly comprised of three interdependent elements: include Board and management oversight, Compliance program, Compliance audit (Tarantino, 2008). Board and management oversight: The Board of Directors is ultimately responsible for developing and administering a CMS that ensures compliance with federal consumer protection laws and regulations. Compliance Program: A financial institution should generally establish a formal, written compliance program. In addition to being a planned and organized effort to guide the institutions compliance activities, a written program represents an essential source document that will serve as a training and reference tool for all employees. A well planned, implemented, and maintained compliance program will prevent or reduce regulatory violations, provide cost efficiencies, and is a sound business step. Compliance audit: A compliance audit is an independent review of an institutions compliance with consumer protection laws and regulations and adherence to internal policies and procedures. The audit helps management ensure ongoing compliance and identify compliance risk conditions. It complements the institutions internal monitoring system. The Board should determine the scope of an audit, and the frequency with which audits are conducted. The organisation for which a Compliance Management System has to be established is Woolworths Limited. The company is the major Australian Company with an extensive retail in Australia and New Zealand. The Compliance Management System for Woolworths Limited will be carefully and appropriately established (McDaniel, 1990). It will ensure that effectively learns about its compliance responsibilities and that the employees understand these responsibilities. It will also see how Woolworths Limited analyses operations and ensure that all the responsibilities are efficiently carried out and requirements are met well in time. The establishment of Compliance Management System involves a series of steps (Tarantino, 2008). Checking the inventory: IT personnel should check the inventory appropriately to know what is on the network to determine whether its in compliance. Auditing: Second step in establishing an effective Compliance Management System is the auditing. Definitions: Third step is to be clear about what needs to be accomplished in order to be in compliance. Segmenting devices and mandates: Fourth step is to separate the devices and mandate for which these have to be put for. Monitoring: Fifth step is to keep monitoring the system in order to ensure that nothing falls out of compliance. Fix non-compliance situations: After monitoring, there might be some situations which are non-compliant. Hence, it is crucial to fix them immediately so that these shouldnt create any additional problem (Holmes, 1992). Reporting and documenting: Finally, every step is documented and reported to every department. This is a seven-step approach that is followed for establishment of Compliance Management System for Woolworths Limited. Monitoring Methodology The Compliance Management System will be monitored to judge whether the methodology and impacts are proactive and effectual (Nelson, 1991). A strategic approach or methodology will be adopted to make sure that the system is monitored perfectly. Continuous monitoring method will be made use of throughout the Compliance Management System (Roland, 2008). Under this method, monitoring will be carried out all through the system and made an ongoing activity (Creech, 1994). This methodology will serve as a feedback mechanism to ensure that the aims and objectives of the Compliance Management System are effectively met (Houston, 1997). This monitoring methodology will also help to review and check disparate documents from multiple processes, and help identify the potential risks to the business activities carried out by Woolworths Limited. The monitoring will also be done by meeting the personnel of Woolworths Limited after the system has been established (Roland, 2008). By doing this, it wo uld be easy to gather and analyse information on performance of the employees in accordance with the plan of Compliance Management System. It will also help in knowing the effectiveness of the entire system. Results and Analysis All in all, the certain tasks will be followed and accomplished to make sure that the Compliance Management System effective enough in fulfilling the aims and objectives of the system. These tasks are as follows: 1. Developing the compliance policies and procedures.2. Training the management and personnel in their specific compliance responsibilities and duties (Juran, 1995).3. Checking and reviewing all the policies and procedures for compliance will the applicable laws, as well as regulations, and also the stated policies and procedures of Woolworths Limited4. Identifying and evaluating emerging issues or potential risks to Woolworths Limited and ensuring corrective measures are taken well in time (Angel, 1998).5. Performing an effective monitoring and analysis of the Compliance Management System All the powerful existing or potential risks and problems will be analysed and it will be made sure that the necessary actions are taken immediately (Zouhair, 2012). Later, the results of the entire system will be observed and maintained, and further analysed for the effectiveness of the Compliance Management system. Most compliance initiatives start as projects to meet compliance deadlines for a specific regulation. However, compliance is not a one-time event. Organizations are thus redesigning their compliance programs to make them repeatable, sustainable, and cost-effective. Traditionally, homegrown systems, stand-alone applications, or even manual paper-based systems have been used to manage various compliance processes at the departmental level. But as various compliance initiatives become more intertwined from a regulatory and organizational perspective, multiple and disparate systems lead to duplicate, and often contradictory processes and documentation. Such environments do not provide clear visibility into organizations' risk and compliance profiles. They also bring down efficiency, and escalate the risk of non-compliance. Conclusion: The research work, planning, implementation and monitoringof the Compliance Management System will be carefully carried out. Overall, the personnel of Woolworths Limited will be trained in their particular responsibilities and duties in relation to the implementation plan. After the employees are trained become well versed with all their responsibilities, the monitoring of the system will be carried out (Cri, 2013). It will be made sure that all the goals and objectives of the Compliance Management system for Woolworths Limited is successfully fulfilled and met. Compliance Management Responsibilities for all personnel Department management teams have an affirmative duty to continually monitor and address compliance concerns specific to their areas of responsibility. A critical aspect of compliance is the organizations ability to detect and correct problems at their source through the active involvement of individual managers. Department management responsibilities include: 1. Promoting and supporting compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, policies, procedures, and the code of conduct,2. Identifying compliance risk areas within their own area of responsibility,3. Supporting the resolution of identified compliance issues within their area of responsibility and for reporting compliance issues and problems to the Compliance Officer.Departmental managers and supervisors at all levels will:1. Maintain compliance with laws and regulations as well as URMC standards, policies, and procedures that pertain to their area of responsibility;2. Stay current with applicable laws and regulations as well as URMC standards, policies, and procedures relevant to their area of responsibility;3. Stay current on regulatory agency updates and changes and ensure that their subordinates have a clear understanding of those affecting their duties and responsibilities;4. Make regular compliance training and education programs available to their subordinates;5. Identify p otential risk areas specific to their departments scope of responsibility and notify the Compliance Officer;6. Assist the Compliance Office, as deemed necessary, in compliance auditing and monitoring, including the implementation of any necessary changes or remedial action based on findings from auditing and monitoring activities;7. Receive and resolve problems and concerns identified by employees;8. Maintain an open-door policy that provides employees with ample opportunity to raise problems and concerns;9. Encourage staff to come forward with compliance issues or concerns and support and enforce the URMCs non-retaliation policy;10. Investigate problems or concerns reported by employees and implement necessary corrective or remedial actions. References: Tarantino, A. (2008). Compliance Management System. Governance, Risk, and Compliance Handbook. Roland, A. (2008), "The ABCs of GRC", SAP GRC For Dummies. Zouhair, T. (2012), Aiding Compliance Governance in Service-Based Business Processes, IGI Global, pp. 524548, Accessed 2 Mar, 2015. Cri, R. (2013), "Internal Auditing: Assurance Advisory Services" Angel, R. (1998), "Total Quality Management: Origins and Evolution of the Term", The TQM Magazine (Bingley, United Kingdom: MCB University Publishers Ltd) 10 (5): 378386. Houston, A. (1997), Total Quality Leadership: A Primer, Washington, D.C.: United States Navy, pp. 1011, OCLC 38886868, 97-02, Accessed on 2 Mar, 2015. McDaniel, M. (1990), Total Quality Management Case Study in a Navy Headquarters Organization, San Diego, California: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, p. 1. Nelson, T. (1991), COAST GUARD TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) GENERIC ORGANIZATION, Washington, D.C.: United States Coast Guard, COMDTINST 5224.7. Creech, B. (1994). The Five Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You, New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton, p. 153. Juran, M. (1995). A History of Managing for Quality: The Evolution, Trends, and Future Directions of Managing for Quality, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: ASQC Quality Press, p. 596. Holmes, K (1992), Total Quality Management, Leatherhead, United Kingdom: Pira International, Ltd., p. 10.