Essay about Khorassan Silver Inlaid Bronze Jug Made in...

In the East Iranian World apiece titled Bronze ewer inlaid with silver (Inv. No. LNS 118M), also called Khorassan Silver Inlaid Bronze Jug, was made in March – April 1205. The ewer is about 9 ¼ in. (23.1cm.) high. The ewer has a pattern of raised bands on it cylinder shaped body on top of its round base with grooves in it. It has a flat cylinder neck that is connected to a plain band at the very top. It has a simple loop handle that starts at the top of the ewer to the middle. Like the title says the ewer is bronze inlaid with silver. Areas of the ewer are slightly corroded with green. On the bands on the ewer is engraved the signs of the zodiac. It has a curved band of naskh below and a band of kufic above, the shoulder of the ewer is a on†¦show more content†¦, wal-kirama , wal-sala , ma wal-d , aim wal-daw[la] , al-kamila , wal-saa , da wal-m , wal-shukr which means; With good fortune, blessing, ......, generosity, well-being, perpetuity, glory, compelte wealth, happiness and gratitude. The naskh below that reads al-izz wal-i, qbal wal-da , wala wa , l-qanaa wa , l-riyada wal-saa,dawal-sala , ma wal-daw[la] , wal-shafaa wal-r[aha] which means; Glory, prosperity, wealth, contentment, self-denial, happiness, well-being, turn of fortune, intercession and ease (Christies, 1-2). They believed the ewer was probably made for a local governor or Amir, because, together with the customary good wishes to the Amir, a titles interruption denotes that the owner, al-Jayshi ibn Muhammad, was favored and trusted by kings and sultans. First looking at the ewer you can see the ewer is very old, whereas most of the bronze has turned a greenish color. Looking at the ewer you get drawn into all the writing and the pictures of the zodiac signs that surround it. The ewer looks more like a symbolization of something, like it has some type of meaning to it. As I look at the zodiac signs surrounding the ewer a viewer wonders what are they suppose to mean. I know zo diac has do the heavens, sun, and the moon. So I figured it have to be a gift to wish good luck or good wishes. The viewpoint of the ewer in the museum is a good viewpoint; you can see the front, side and top. You cannot see the back, but

Human Populations One Child China Grows Up - 982 Words

Chapter 4: Human Populations: One-Child China Grows Up Summary Who? (People Involved) †¢ â€Å"Little Emperors† †¢ Chinese Leaders †¢ Thomas Malthus, an English Priest †¢ Wang Feng, Director of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center for Public Policy †¢ Susan Greenhalgh, Harvard University Anthropologist and author of a book called Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. †¢ Qin Yijao and family †¢ Therese Hesketh, a global health professor at University of College London. What? (Environmental Issue) †¢ Overpopulation, high total fertility rates. †¢ It was mentioned that today the nation with the most population is China. †¢ The health and well being of both women and children. †¢ Abortion and sterilization rates soared, resulting in more†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ It’s essential to know that in 1949, China had a population 3 times the size of the United States of 500 million. This was after life expectancy had increased from age 45 to 60. †¢ In the later part of 1950’s, famine was the culprit of 30 million lives. †¢ 1970’s the government blamed overpopulation after there was a dreadful shortage of consumer goods. This led the Chinese leaders to mandate a command of having no more than one-child per family in 1979. †¢ In 1998, an earlier Chinese family planning official let it be known that women giving birth were forced to have an abortion. †¢ 2008, it was reported by The Telegraph that 20,000 sterilizations and abortions were ordered as a country in Guangdong failed to follow the one-child policy. †¢ It was in 2002 that the Chinese government banned the use of physical force to control a woman to be sterilized or have an abortion. †¢ By 2011, the fertility rate in China dropped to 1.54 and declared to have prevented a daunting 400 million births. Where? †¢ China, where the one-child policy takes place †¢ Mentions of other countries including the United States in terms of comparisons and facts. Why? (Why it is happening) †¢ As the crude death rate decreases, the crude birth rate rose. †¢ Migration played a role †¢ Due to agricultural and economic policies causing lives to be taken away from

Puritan Life Free Essays

The expansion of literacy Influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god In all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church. This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God’s support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritan Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Puritans felt God had a Lana for their lives, that he had led them to the New world with great Intentions for them: feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here. In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as noted in A Statement about Education in New England. 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 1 7th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church. This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God’s support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, hat he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here. In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries In the past (as noted in A Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more Involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt impelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church. This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God’s support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy-puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great Intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place hey came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here. In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church. This united sense within the immunity spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God’s support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as noted in A tragedy. How to cite Puritan Life, Papers

J.J Thomson free essay sample

J also had a brother that was two years younger than him-self named, Frederick Vernon Thompson. He went to private schools in the beginning of his education career, where he showed a great interest and passion for science, and when was 14 years old when he was accepted in to Owens College. His mother and father originally wanted him to study to be an engineer and get an apprentice for a local locomotive manufacturer, but due to his father’s death in 1873 his plans changed. He moved away from Owens College, and into Trinity College in Cambridge, where he then obtained his BA in mathematics in 1880. He married one of his students, Rose Elizabeth Paget, and they had one son and one daughter. We will write a custom essay sample on J.J Thomson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J. J Thompson died still working on the college campus on August 30th, 1940 from unspecified causes at the age of 83. He married one of his students, Rose Elizabeth Paget, and they had one son and one daughter. J. J Thomson was without a doubt religious. He was a devout Anglican Episcopalian who regularly attended services at the Angelican church, and also went to Sunday evening college chapel services. I believe, that the best statement that I found, about the religious practices of Mr. Thomson was from one of his students, Sir Owen Richardson who said He was sincerely religious, a churchman with a dislike for Anglo-Catholicism, a regular communicant, who every day knelt in private prayer, a habit known only to Lady Thomson until near the end of his life. Further research shows that J. J Thompson never missed a day of prayer(as quoted above) and that every day before going to sleep, he would read his bible. Some of J. J’s speeches, and addresses also show that he was a devout believer in God, show in what he stated in his inaugural presidential address into the British association, As we conquer peak after peak we see in front of us regions full of interest and beauty, but we do not see ur goal, we do not see the horizon; in the distance tower still higher peaks, which will yield to those who ascend them still wider prospects, and deepen the feeling, the truth of which is emphasized by every advance in science, that Great are the Works of the Lord. Here we clearly see, that he doesn’t take credit for his accomplishments, he gives the credit to the Lord.

A Case Study on Healthcare and Social care Essays

A Case Study on Healthcare and Social care Essays A Case Study on Healthcare and Social care Paper A Case Study on Healthcare and Social care Paper This paper will focus on Moses who is a twelve year old boy, born in a family of three in Australia, him being the first born he is found to be suffering from the autistic illness which is regarded as a developmental disability believed to occur in early three years of a child’s life. This disability comes up as a result of a neurological disorder that actually disturbs the normal functioning of the brain which thereafter impairs the development of an individual’s communications and interaction abilities thus making the individual develop a learning disability Usually this disorder comes with different impairments on different children. Neurological disorders like autism in some other instances can be very severe, and during such chronic stages it is usually debilitating thus resulting to inability of the child affected to perform the usual routine practices for example learning matters effectively and efficiently. (Francesca, 1994) The symptoms of this disorder may be poor concentration, being temperamental and sleep disorders. Such worries and anxiety causes major stress and may cause bad image in the societal aspect as well as in the work-related environment contexts and other significant parts of operation in an individual’s daily life. We can also deduce that such turbulences caused by psychological disorders including autism are not related however to other psychological causes such as drug abuse or medical conditions that might be related to this kind of anxiety. (Graff, Green and Libby, 1998) Profile on Moses From the research conducted we find that Moses has not been able to access better health care, as a result of a poor socio-economic background and also the stigmatization he faces from the whole community, in addition to this poverty, substandard housing, poor nutrition, low levels of education, unhealthy environment and their respective beliefs about the medical care, care seeking, behaviors, disparity in patient preferences for treatment and willingness of patients to adopt behaviour recommendations by health personnel such as the use of medication. These factors has led to his family members to prefer using traditional medicines, since they believe that the traditional doctors are said to have a greater influence in their society research indicate that the traditional doctors in this community are said to be providing more accessible and more familiar health care options which at many times turn out to be a practice in vain, this is because they do not have accurate information on the autistic disease, thus making it difficult for Moses to respond to the medications which after wards worsen the sickness, thus increasing the needs of the his family. Moses is found to be facing stigmatization in his community this factor has actually brought damages to this boy’s life, since he is regarded as disadvantaged and discriminated against, on other grounds such as, social and economic backgrounds of his family. This Stigma is normally said to have reinforced ignorance and fear, allowing prejudice to thrive, and the uncaring behaviour to go unchanged among his family members. (Moses family) Discussion Research indicates that autism is stated to be among the five neurological disorders referred to as Pervasive Developmental Disorders that is said to be carrying a severe and pervasive impairment in a number of development parts of an individual. Autism disorder mostly affects young children like Moses and in most cases it has been reported to be chronic or severe between the ages of one to three years. According to the Center for Disease Control Prevention carried out in the 2007, it was found that an estimation of two in three hundred births many children are believed to be affected by autism and the cases are still reported to be rising. As a neurological disorder it symbolizes an array of psychiatrist states whereby emotional suffering is manifested in the form of bodily, mental and psychological troubles and in many instances physical indications are seen. However, it should be noted that the ultimate indication is that of manifestation of this disorder which may develop to be severe to the child in the long-term. Many medical scientists have come to an agreement that children suffering from such disorders usually have poor capability to adjust to new environment, incapability to alter his/her life patterns and more specifically the lack of ability to build up a comfortable, more pleasing and a more comprehensive personality that he/she desires to live in just like what Moses is undergoing. Indeed autism disorder impairs the child’s communication system which may affect him/her negatively in the future in the ordinary course of life. Medical scientists’ under this research report that the most common disorder as a result of autism is that of speech referred to as aphonia whereby an individual cannot communicate loudly but only can whisper while speaking. The other common disorder associated with autism is that of mutism whereby it also lies under the category of speech disorder and in many cases it is difficult to be diagnosed and for all this reasons the child is faced with a learning disability. (Guralnick, 1998) Reference Interview: Moses family in Australia (2008) Band, R (1998) The NHS health for all people with learning disabilities and health care Retrieved from: http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/24/10/368 Accessed on 2008-05-27 Birchenall, M and Birchenall, P (1998) Sociology as applied to nursing and Health care. London: Bailliere Tindall Bolton, P., Macdonald, H. and Pickles, A. (1994): A case-control family history study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry 35 Vol 5 Burgess, A. and Gutstein, S. (2007): Quality of life for people with autism- Raising the standard For evaluating successful outcomes Child Adolescent Mental Health 12 Vol 2

English Language and Composition Test Essay

English Language and Composition Test Essay English Language and Composition Test Essay ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION SECTION I Time ­ 1 Hour Directions: This part consists of selections from prose works and questions based on their content, form, and style. After each passage, choose the best answer to each question and completely fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Note: Pay particular attention to the requirement of questions that contain the words NOT, LEAST, or EXCEPT. Questions 1 ­11. Read the following passage carefully before you choose your answers. (This following excerpt is from â€Å"It Takes a Village† by Hillary Clinton) 1.Right now in our biggest cities and our smallest towns there are boys and girls being tucked gently into bed, and there are boys and girls who have no one to call mom or dad and no place to call home 5. Right now there are mothers and fathers just finishing a long day’s work and there are mothers and fathers just going to work, some to their second or third job of the day. Right now there are parents worrying, what if the babysitter is sick tomorrow or how can we 10.pay for college this fall. And right now there are parents despairing about gang members and drug pushers on the corners in their neighborhoods. Right now there are parents questioning a popular culture that glamorizes sex and violence, smoking and drinking 15.and teaches children that the logos on their clothes are more valued than the generosity in their hearts But also right now there are dedicated teachers preparing their lessons for the new school year. There are volunteers tutoring and coaching children. 20There are doctors and nurses caring for sick children, police officers working to help kids stay out of trouble and off drugs. Of course, parents first and foremost are responsible for their children. But we are all responsible for ensuring 25.that children are raised in a nation that doesn’t just talk about family values, but acts in ways that values families. . [We†¦] are all part of one family, the American family, and each one of us has value. Each child who comes 30. into this world should feel special- every boy and every girl. Our daughter Chelsea will graduate from college in 2001 the dawn of the next century. Though that’s not so far away it is hard for any of us to know what the world will look like then, much less when 35. Chelsea is my age in the year 2028. But one thing we know for sure is that change is certain. Progress is not. Progress depends on the choices we make today for tomorrow and on whether we meet our challenges and protect our values. We can 40. start by doing more to support parents and the job they have to do. Issues affecting children and families are some are some of the hardest we face as parents, as citizens, as a nation. 1. In the first and second paragraphs, Clinton’s tendency to begin sentences with â€Å"right now† or â€Å"and right now† are indicative of a. Epistrophe b. Anaphora c. Metonymy d. Isocolon e. Aphorism 2. What is the effect of the repetition in paragraph two? a. Implying that the number of problems parents face have decreased over time b. Implying that the number of problems parents face have increased over time c. Emphasizing the diverse and numerous fears and worries parents face d. Showing the many ways in which children are poorly behaved e. Implying that parents tend to act irresponsible with their children 3. Lines 15 ­16 PRIMARILY indicate what? a. A transition from negative to positive b. A shift in topic c. A transition from positive to negative d. A transition to a concluding thought e. The insertion of a personal anecdote 4. The syntax in lines 24 ­25 â€Å"[We] are all part of one family, the American family, and each one of us has value† serves to a. Impart a sense of responsibility upon the audience b. Disregard non ­American families c. Promote a sense of blind patriotism d. Chastise those who have not actively

Strategic Management of Ford Motor Company Essay

Strategic Management of Ford Motor Company - Essay Example The paper tells that one of the key challenges of firms operating in the modern market is to locate the resources required for the development of their activities. The recession of 2008 onwards has led firms in all industries to develop innovative strategies – aim to compete with their rivals and stabilize their position. The industries, which have already reached their higher level of growth, like the automotive industry, are expected to proceed to key strategic measures in order to ensure their survival. In the last two years, the performance of the automotive industry indicates that the specific industry has already reached a high level of performance – compared to the most industrial sectors worldwide. It is for this reason that most firms of the specific industry have started to report losses – which, in certain cases, are extremely high. However, the survival of the firms operating in the specific industry can be achieved through additional measures  œ such the ones developed by managers in Ford Motor Company. Ford was first established in 1903. Since then, the firm has managed to expand its activities at such point, that it is now considered as the third major competitor in the global automotive industry. The firm’s growth is highly based on its brands, which are well known in the global automotive market. On the other hand, the firm has managed to achieve a stable growth, a fact that indicates its ability to transform its strategies in order to meet the market trends. The performance of the firm during the first quarter has been encouraging – compared 2008 when the effects of the crisis on the organizational profitability were made clear. The firm’s external environment should reveal the changes that should be promoted across the organization aiming to ensure the stabilization of the firm’s performance. The major competitors of the firm in the context of the global market are General Motors, Chrysle r, and Toyota – after the bankruptcy of the two first companies, Toyota has been left as the main competitor of Ford.

Competitive forces and SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Competitive forces and SWOT analysis - Essay Example Organic farming and food production found to be less harmful to environment. At the same it offers healthy body and fewer side effects to the regular users. Artificial foods like the fast foods always contain harmful ingredients to the health. Moreover artificial foods always contain excess calories which may be precipitated in the body of the user as fat. Organic farms always use less energy and resources and moreover it helps the ecosystem immensely. The comparatively higher advantage of organic farming and the consumption of organic foods forced many countries to encourage the farming and usage of organic foods at present. Founded in 1980, in Texas as a small supermarket, Whole Foods Market is currently world’s largest retail chain in natural and organic foods. John Mackay is the CEO and co-founder of Whole Foods Market. The company has recorded $ 6.6 billion sales in 2007 and had around 276 stores in total in countries like US, UK and Canada. It recorded an annual growth rate of 20% from 2000 onwards has set a target of 400 stores and $ 12 billion sale by 2010 (Thompson, 2008, p.c2). Whole Foods Market is responsible for the popularity of organic foods not only in America but even in other countries as well. Whole Foods Market aims to catch the number one spot not only in organic food industry but even in general food industry where the Whole Foods Market stores operate. People are more aware of the consequences of artificial foods at present which helped organic foods to grow immensely for the last two decades. The rapid pace of life activities and high levels of diversified commitments forced the public to rely on fast in order to save time. Moreover, fast foods were tastier than the organic foods which helped the fast food industry to grow immensely. But along with the fast food industry, the health problems also began to grow heavily. Dawn Crystal (2010) has mentioned that the major

Using Technology in Tertiary Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Using Technology in Tertiary Education - Essay Example In addition, with the technology, social media has also been playing an influential role in reframing the educational sectors all around the world. Competitive universities today have further become quite concentrated on making a better use of the information and the platform rendered by the social media of 21st century for the educational processes. It is in this context that technology in alliance with the implications of social media tends to create both advantageous and disadvantageous impacts upon the educational sector which can be identified as the complex and multidimensional phenomenon (Carr, 2012). Based on this context, the study will intend to offer a comprehensive understanding of the impacts created by technology upon education sector, emphasizing upon the classroom or lecture environment of the tertiary education process. In this regard the discussion will also take into account the role played by social media in transforming the traditional learning process by means o f rapidly advancing technology. Concerning the current day context, it can be apparently observed that universities are becoming increasingly inclined towards utilizing technological advancements in the traditional education systems to obtain greater competitive advantages through differentiation (Schwartz, 2012).In this regard, various benefits can be observed to be yielded by the universities by making use of technologies. For instance, the utilization of advanced technology has often observed to assist the educators to effectively communicate to the learners with practical illustration with a live display, which further helps the students to obtain a clear view of the topic or subject. Technology involvement in tertiary education can also be observed to present the subject matter as more interesting to the students. Technology involvement has been encouraged in the educational sectors also due to the reason that it helps in more active learning of the students.

Overview of Steven Pinkers Theories

Overview of Steven Pinkers Theories Introduction and brief biography Steven Pinker is a well-known psychologist who writes, researches and lectures on language and cognition. As well as being an experienced and widely published researcher in the academic field he is also well known to non-scientists for his easily accessible popular science books covering evolutionary psychology and language development. He is arguably responsible for bringing the complex field of cognitive psychology to the layperson and a short analysis of his work and ideas should provide insight into why he is so popular and successful both to academic and lay readers. Steven Pinker is Canadian American, born in 1954 and educated at McGill University and the Ivy League colleges of Cambridge, Massachusetts. His official biography describes him as an experimental psychologist, currently Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family professor in the Department of Psychology (Pinker 2003). He is a teaching as well as research scientist and writes for the academic press and popular press as well as his own books. He credits his interest in science to a teenage present of science books on the mind (Pinker 2004b). In interviews Pinker is often self deprecating, indicating that scientists don’t always choose a specific field due to overwhelming interest, rather due to circumstance and being in the right place at the right time (Pinker 2004b). Despite being an immensely successful author with his most recent book being ranked at number 624 in the bestseller list of Amazon.com[1], he does not seek to either overawe or be condescending to the regular lay reader, instead treating them, in his own words, as an â€Å"old college room mate† and respecting their intelligence (Pinker 2004b). Pinker’s ideas and impact Pinker is often known for his debates with fellow scientists such as Steven Rose in which the nature versus nurture concept is discussed. Pinker is described as the leading spokesman for the view that we are made by nature as well as nurture (Appleyard 2007). Pinker is a firm believer that our genes dictate how we act our lives through the mind being the critical determiner of who survives and passes their genes on to their offspring; whereas Rose believes that all living systems are radically indeterminate and continually construct their own futures (Brockman 1998). One of the reasons for the controversy of Pinker’s ideas is the echoes of Nazism as, by saying that we are a product of our genes, it suggests that some are genetically programmed to be inferior to others. Pinker addresses the idea that humans develop purely based on their experiences in the book The Blank Slate, thus called because of the common belief that the mind is a blank slate and the way a person develops is purely a product of culture and socialisation (Rakoff 2002). He points out that anyone having children can see that they are born with identities and the fact that children are affected by upbringing is not proof of causation, rather being merely correlation. However he is also able to argue the other side, as it were, when he explains that, whilst genes can have something to do with behaviour, the study of behavioural genetics is, in his words, ‘a paradox’ (Pinker 2003). In particular the influence of culture will affect many lifestyle choices, with serious effects on development. He exhorts everyone to ‘try to reach the best point in the range [of temperament and talent]’ (Pinker 2003). He protests that the biology of consciousness offers a bette r explanation for how people ‘work’ than the existence of an, un provable in his view, immortal soul (Pinker 2007a). He suggests that we all develop as a product of our brains, and other people have similar brains so all have a similar capacity. He further develops his view by stating that the soul is in fact the information-processing activity of the brain and that all emotion can be tied to specific neural activity (Pinker 2004a). This is a controversial view as many philosophers and sociologists would not like to believe that our freedom of thought is not in fact freedom at all, rather an automatic response from our genes. One of Pinker’s key ideas is his words / rules account of language in which he suggests that there is a contrast between the regular and irregular inflection of words and this is due to there being 2 distinct computational mechanisms for the processing of these words (Berent, Pinker Shimron 2002). He set this out in his oft cited[2] piece entitled Rules of Language published in 1991 in the journal Science (Pinker 1991). The language processing of the brain was described as modular and independent of real-world meaning suggesting a genetic basis to the development of language, presumably because logically language would only be processed in connection with the meaning of that language. Pinker has more recently written about human nature in a wider context than language. One such example is where he explains that romantic love has a paradoxical logic, where in fact there is not a neat matching of mates according to the rules of shopping – eg matching purely on the grounds of features and quality (Pinker 2008). He also commends other people on their influence, with one such account being his 2007 commendation of Paul Allen’s contribution to the scientific world (Pinker 2007b). An individual must be well respected and influential in his own right to be asked to comment upon the influence of others. However he has been subject to controversy, with people suggesting that his book The Blank Slate denies the existence of sex discrimination. However he defends his position, indicating that he has merely shown empirical evidence about the differences in talents, temperaments and life priorities between men and women (Pinker 2006). He describes how he lost sleep over the gender chapter yet also points out that in the first 2 years post publication no one had any problem with that chapter (Quixote 2006). It was only later that Pinker’s work was used out of context by Larry Summers, then president of Harvard University, who said that innate [genetic] differences were the reason why fewer women succeeded in maths and science (Bombardieri 2005). Thus the message of the book reached a greater audience, but the audience misconstrued what had been said originally. He often has to defend his work, or clarify it to others who misinterpret e.g. (Pinker, Ullman 2003, Pinker, Ullman 2002) and the much longer opinion article (Pinker, Ullman 2002). No doubt, though, if a researcher or author has to defend their work it means that others are noting what they say enough to criticise, and then publishers care enough to seek the rejoinders. It is possible to obtain impact factor trend graphs for published articles. This provides an indication of the journal’s relative impact, thus the consequent impact that the article within that journal may have. Analysis of the 3 most cited articles from Pinker provides the data for table 1 below. Obviously the most cited articles are older but the journals in which the articles are published have high impact. Table 1 An analysis of the journal impact and number of times cited for the 3 most popular Pinker articles[3] In a profile published last year the Sunday Times refer to Pinker’s ideas as ‘incendiary’ and describe him as a global science celebrity (Appleyard 2007). Despite the possible Nazism connotations that could be attributed to his ideas, there is also a clear logic to the brain containing the blueprint to our development. If there are genes that decide our hair colour and skin colour then why not other features? No one would deny that genetic malfunctions such as occur in Downs Syndrome clearly show the effect that defective genes can have from birth. Why should only defective genes be influential? Pinker says that it hard to judge his own influence, but that more people of more cultures and races are [now] open to the idea that biology can have some answers to human life and its workings (Quixote 2006). He also suggested the topic for the annual question for The Edge Foundation for 2006 as ‘My Dangerous Idea’. His account of his 2005 includes instances such as the Summers’ speech mentioned above, as well as other research which endeavoured to show that race and intelligence do not exist. The lasting influence of these ideas (and his own work and reputation) is that people perceive Pinker as propounding dangerous ideas that fuel bigotry (Brockman 2006). However bigotry isn’t created by the influence of one scientist. Pinker’s work may be used as evidence to support existing bigotry but support is not the same as initiation. References Appleyard, B. 2007, Steven Pinker knows what’s going on inside your head, October 14th 2007, The Times, London. Berent, I., Pinker, S. Shimron, J. 2002, The nature of regularity and irregularity: evidence from Hebrew nominal inflection, Journal of psycholinguistic research, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 459-502. Bombardieri, M. 2005, Summers remarks on women draw fire, January 17th 2005 edn, Boston Globe, Boston. Brockman, J. 2006, 01/01/2006-last update, Edge: The World Question Centre 2006 [Homepage of The Edge], [Online]. Available: http://www.edge.org/q2006/q06_3.html#pinker [accessed 30/10/2008] . Brockman, J. 1998, 25/03/1998-last update, Edge: PINKER VS. ROSE-A DEBATE (PART I) [Homepage of The Edge], [Online]. Available: http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pinker_rose/pinker_rose_p1.html [accessed 30/10/2008] . Pinker, S. 2003, , Steven Pinker About- long biography [Homepage of Harvard University], [Online]. Available: http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/about/longbio.html [accessed 30/10/2008] . Pinker, S. 2008, Crazy love, Time, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 82-83. Pinker, S. 2007a, The mystery of consciousness, Time, vol. 169, no. 5, pp. 58-62, 65-6, 69-70. Pinker, S. 2007b, Time 100 scientists thinkers. Paul Allen, Time, vol. 169, no. 20, pp. 112. Pinker, S. 2006, The gender debate: science promises an honest investigation of the world, Nature, vol. 442, no. 7102, pp. 510. Pinker, S. 2004a, How to think about the mind, Newsweek, vol. 144, no. 13, pp. 78. Pinker, S. 2004b, Steven Pinker, Current biology : CB, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. R909. Pinker, S. 2003, Are your genes to blame?, Time, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 98-100. Pinker, S. Bloom, P. 1990, Natural-Language and Natural-Selection, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 707-726. Pinker, S. Prince, A. 1988, On Language and Connectionism Analysis of a Parallel Distributed-Processing Model of Language-Acquisition, Cognition, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 73-193. Pinker, S. Ullman, M. 2002, Combination and structure, not gradedness, is the issue, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 472-474. Pinker, S. Ullman, M.T. 2003, Beyond one model per phenomenon, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 108-109. Pinker, S. Ullman, M.T. 2002, The past and future of the past tense, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 456-463. Pinker, S. 1991, Rules of Language, Science, vol. 253, no. 5019, pp. 530-535. Quixote, D. 2006, July 4th 2006-last update, 10 questions for Steven Pinker [Homepage of Gene Expression], [Online]. Available: http://www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/07/10-questions-for-steven-pinker.php [accessed 30/10/2008] . Rakoff, D. 2002, Questions For Steven Pinker, 15th September 2002, The New York Times, Ney York. Tarr, M.J. Pinker, S. 1989, Mental Rotation and Orientation-Dependence in Shape-Recognition, Cognitive psychology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 233-282. 1 [1] Data obtained from www.amazon.com at 09:20 on 30/10/2008 [2] 318 citations as at 30/10/2008. Data from ISI Web of Knowledge [3] Citation information obtain from ISI Web of Knowledge Journal Citation reports for social science journals on 30th October 2008 available at http://admin-apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?RQ=HOME.

embalming fluid the new high :: essays research papers

A chemical used to preserve the dead is becoming an increasingly popular drug for teenagers and young adults looking for a new and different high. Amp, clickem, crazy eddie, drank, fry, illy, purple rain, wack, wet, and wet daddy known to the average person as embalming fluid is the newest drug craze that is hitting the streets in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Embalming fluid’s main purpose is to slow the decomposition of the dead. Mainly found in morgues and funeral homes. The fluid involves the injection of chemicals into the body through the blood vessels for preservation of the body. The following compounds are found in embalming fluid, formaldehyde, methanol, and ethanol or ethyl alcohol. In embalming fluid products, the percentage of formaldehyde can range from 5 to 29 percent; ethyl alcohol content can vary from 9 to 56 percent. Ethyl alcohol is also a central nervous system depressant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The drug can be sold on the street from twenty dollars to thirty-five dollars. Users are buying the fluid and dipping their marijuana joints or blunts in the fluid, letting the joint or blunt dry then smoking it . Most of the users don’t know that somewhere along the dealing process that the embalming fluid is being laced with PCP. So while most users think they are smoking marijuana dipped in embalming fluid they are getting an extra high from the unknown PCP. It is important to note that the PCP is not a normal compound in embalming fluid. Embalming fluid is generally consumed in small groups of three to five and smoked. The embalming fluid may enhance absorption by slowing the rate at which the marijuana burns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been reported that the actual smoking of embalming fluid is not very pleasant. It has been said that it taste like rubbing alcohol and smells like gasoline. The high last between six hours to thirty hours and the acute symptoms of intoxication usually subside in twenty-four to thirty-six hours depending of the half-lives of the drugs used in a particular mixture. The drug can be stored in fats and then released, causing recurrence of symptoms .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short term effects of using embalming fluid are as follows; blurred vision or impaired vision which is a symptom that begins at the high and endures into the next day. Headache that follows the day after consumption. Increased forgetfulness, vomiting, depression or sadness, facial or bodily edema, anger, frustration, hallucinations, delusions, increase in women’s sexual appetites, paranoia, physical violence and sleepiness.

Teacher Work Sample Part 7

Teacher work Sample: Standard 7 Lauren M. Evins EED/495 May 13, 2012 Professor Mark McCall Teacher Work Sample: Standard 7 Standard 7: Reflections and Self-Evaluation In the education profession, it is necessary for teachers to create lesson plans that adhere to national, state, and district learning standards. The ability to successfully create and implement these lessons that have goals and specific learning objectives is the responsibility of the teacher. A way to evaluate the success of your instructional skills is through reflection and self-evaluation. Reflecting on your own teaching, shortcomings as well as successes, is a way to make sense of your own experiences and to gain perspective on the day-to-day workings of your own classroom. † A reflection and self-evaluation will be listed for this Teacher Work Sample. , which will include an analysis of instructional and student learning, and the effectiveness of teacher instruction. Throughout the implementation of my less ons from the Teacher Work Sample the lessons that contributed the most to student learning were the activities that required students to apply their knowledge in activities.These activities include the vocabulary words used in a sentence, the group discussion that allowed students to build on each other’s responses and knowledge, and the group projects that were a collaboration of student creativity. Some of the greatest barriers to achieving the desired learning results were overcoming the additional background knowledge that was needed to teach the unit lessons, which would consequentially be a need for improvement in the pre-assessment and the analysis of the pre-assessment.One factor that would be done to improve the acquisition of the desired learning results and improving student learning would be to spend more time reviewing supplemental and background information for the unit prior to introducing the unit, and creating a more detailed rubric that analyzed studentsâ₠¬â„¢ prior knowledge. The repeated interruptions and deviations that were taken during lessons required additional modifications in instructional time management and steering the lesson back on path of the learning goals and objectives.Reviewing the seven standards listed in this Teacher Work Sample emphasized key areas of strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of the work sample included Contextual Factors, Learning Goals and Objectives, and Design for Instruction. These strengths allowed a successful creation of goals and objectives that were aligned with Florida State Standards and were achieved with the majority of the student population, as seen in the Analysis of Learning Results.The ability to properly gather data and information in the Contextual Factors helped understand why some students had prior knowledge of Native Americans and why other students has less prior knowledge. The Design for Instruction was implemented with little to no problems; however, the flaws in instr uction did not occur from the design they occurred from the Assessment Plan, which was a weakness and needed additional improvement.The Instructional Decision-Making was also a weakness in that student learning responses were not as anticipated regarding Native American background information and an additional need for improvement would include reacting and modifying lessons without deviating greatly from the original goals and objectives. My professional knowledge and skills were adequate to teach this unit, but my performance would have been enhanced if I had better analyzed the pre-assessment that was given at the beginning of the unit.As a professional, I would need to improve my ability to read and analyze assessment results, which could be the difference in student achievement and failure. The most significant learning insight achieved from this unit would be the understanding that despite detailed planning and instructional preparation, modifications in instruction will alway s arise and it is the teachers responsibility to make the necessary deviations but maintain the unit’s goals and objectives.In general, my analysis and self-reflection would e considered a success with minor weaknesses that would need improvement through workshops, training seminars, and/or with an experienced teacher’s help. Reference Module 6: Assessing teaching and learning. (2006). Retrieved May 12, 2012 from http://www. league. org/gettingresults/web/module6/teaching/teacher_reflections. html

Miranda Rights essays

Miranda Rights essays On February 28 and March 1, 1966, the case of Miranda v. Arizona was argued in the Supreme Court, and was decided on June 13, 1966. The issue in question was Does the police practice of interrogating individuals without notifying them of their right to counsel and their protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment? Early in 1963, an 18- year old woman was kidnapped and raped in Phoenix, Arizona. The police investigated the case, and soon found and arrested a poor, and mentally disturbed man. The name of this man was Ernesto Miranda, a name that would become well known in American constitutional studies. Miranda was 23 years old when he was arrested. He confessed that he had kidnapped and raped the young woman after only two hours of questioning. By confessing to the crime, Miranda was convicted for kidnapping and rape. However, when Miranda was arrested he was not told his rights that are stated in amendment number five. On appeal, Mirandas lawyers pointed out that the police had never told him that he had the right to be represented by a lawyer, and that he could remain silent if he wished to do so. In addition, he was not told that everything that he said could be used against him. In the end of 1966, the United States Supreme Court gave support to the defendant side by only a 5-4 majority. The Supreme Court decision detailed the principles governing police interrogation. In addition, they decided that the police have to make certain points clear for the accused before questioning and suspect. Ernesto Miranda, the defendant was a Mexican immigrant working as a truck driver. Miranda previously had already had a police record. Mirandas attorneys in court argued that even though Miranda had admitted to the kidnapping and rape in the integration room that this information could not be used in court. Also Miranda was not told his rights, so therefore Miranda may not have confes...

NEP essays

NEP essays The significance of the NEP in the 1920s in the Soviet Union was great. It would be looked upon later by peasants as a period of hope. The New Economic Policy was viable to a degree, but obviously not the complete answer for the Soviets economic ailments. In the end, few benefited from the open market of the NEP. From 1914 to 1921 agricultural production fell some 40%. Many peasant uprisings made it clear that change was necessary. One problem for the party was finding a solution that would help the ailing economy and help booster socialism at the same time in the Soviet state. The New Economic Policy spawned thanks to the works of party leaders (including Stalin) at the 10th Part Congress in March of 1921. Critics of the NEP would say that it was a retreat to capitalism. This was a viable criticism. In order for the party to stimulate agricultural productivity, they allowed farmers to lease and hire labor. They also allowed most workers to freely enter a competitive labor market. So the NEP definitely had capitalist implications, but necessary ones according to Lenin. In order for Socialism to jump start in Soviet Russia, there would have to be a temporary capitalist-like economic policy to stimulate agricultural and industrial growth. The party had little to work with though. The cultural landscape was dismal. Just as the NEP was starting to get off of the ground, famine struck in 1921 and 1922. A summer drought and peasants reduction of sown acreage led to massive crop failure in 1921. Almost 5 million people died during the famine. Peasants were unhappy and poor. After the famine, the economy managed to pick itself up thanks to the NEP. There was a short period of time that some Soviet citizens felt prosperity, but that was temporary. The industry had problems because it was too poor to modernize plants and machinery. This slowed the progress of NEP and presented a real problem for futur ...

India country report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India country report - Essay Example The historical development of India, as related to the country’s foreign relations is examined in this paper. The study of the literature published in this field has revealed that the role of India in the development of social and economic life in Asia has been critical. However, its political and social systems have suffered from severe conflicts, probably due to the inability of governors to respond to the daily needs of population. On the other hand, it has been made clear that the prospects of the country for the future are significant. Moreover, in terms of foreign relations, the country has become a key player in the development of important economic and political decisions globally. The history of India is based on a series of elements, such as the size of the country, the local caste system, the use of local religious beliefs for political reasons and the Indian identity, as it has been alternated today (Walsh 13). India is the largest country, in terms of its size, of Southeast Asia (Walsh 2006). In terms of geography, the country occupies a critical region, being a crossroad between the East Asia and the West. The strategic position of the country, as of its geographical characteristics, has been traditionally used for the development of important political decisions. ... Being surrounded by regions with different cultural and religious characteristics, India had to face severe social and political turbulences, leading even to the limitation of its territory, referring especially to the establishment of the state of modern Pakistan. At the same time, India is ‘the second most populous country, after China’ (Walsh 13). The development of the country’s urban life has been gradual; the development of a variety of communities across the country, as explained below, led to the appearance of many different dialects, about 16 (Walsh 13). As in all countries worldwide, the integrity of the country, as a member of the international community, has been secured through ‘a set of cultural and ethical assumptions common to people across the country’ (Walsh 2006). The caste system has been a significant part of India’s history. The system is based on categorization of people in accordance with their profession and their socia l class (Walsh 2006). The development of ‘unchanged villages of rural India’ (Walsh 15) has been the result of the expansion of caste system within the Indian social life. As for the country’s religious framework, this incorporates a series of different religions, such as Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christianity (Walsh 16). The differentiations in regard to the country’s religious system, have led to severe social conflicts; the above phenomenon has been also be used by politicians for the promotion of particular ideas. In other words, in India, oppositions in regard to religion have supported political interests (Walsh 2006). When referring to the history of India, particular reference should be made to the history of community, which can be

AsianAmerican Study-how intersectional identities must shape an Asian Assignment - 1

AsianAmerican Study-how intersectional identities must shape an Asian American agenda for SOCIAL CHANGE and what that agenda should look like in the 21st century - Assignment Example This is whereby, coupled with other discriminative strategies, those that are in the system of oppression focus more on the fact that the victim is a foreigner. This paper’s focal point is to outline how these intersectionalities are constantly being used in various regards in the discrimination of the Asian American community. The Dream Act refers to an existing piece of legislation that is bipartisan. It relates to young people that have grown up in the United States, through its high school system but their future has become bleak as threatened by immigration laws. It should be noted that 11% of immigrants into the U.S.A are Asian American (Havard Kennedy School, 29). Although the Dream Act focuses on a number of requisites in order for one to be registered as American, this paper, only focuses on two. Firstly, the provision that one must be of sound moral character has been a point of confusion for Asian Americans as it is not specific enough. There have been cases where Asian Americans faced deportation and proved in accordance with the law that there were of good moral conduct but still emended up on the blunt side of the law. Secondly, the provision for military enlistment is one that has been used to lure many Asian- Americans into the military only to have them do it in vain as they never acquire registration. In the same light, the immigration laws have for the most part been used against Asian Americans. This beats the logic of legislation because rather than shed light on the issue it has cast the Asian American community further in the dark. As previously stated the moral standing clause is one that is not sufficiently in use as even Asian Americans that have met all assertions, of it, still face deportation. Furthermore, the immigration laws are not fully effective to deal with some rarities. For instance as in the case of Tam Tran, a 24 year old university student, the country upon which one may be deported to (on the

Understanding of the Internets core elements & workings Essay

Understanding of the Internets core elements & workings - Essay Example Understanding of the Internets core elements & workings In client/server architecture, the application and database reside on one host computer, the file server and each server is accessible by all computers on the network. The Internet transmits data from host to client server, and if it finds the receiving computer on a network to which the first computer is directly connected, it sends the message directly. If the receiving computer is not on the same network as the sending computer, the sending computer relays the message to another computer that can forward it. The same way the computers communicate through the network to access Internet. Network that link systems worldwide to access the Internet pass data in form of chunks called Packets, each of which carries the address of its sender and its receiver. The set of conventions used to pass packets from one host to another is known as Internet Protocol (IP). In order to access the Internet one must have an account with the service provider and software that allows a direct link via TCP/IP. LAN/WAN servers are used for communication. Internet is a connection of interconnected networks, which are capable of freely exchanging information while WWW is an Internet service-comprising tens of thousands of independently owned computers that work together as one. These computers are called web servers scattered all over the world and contain every type of data.

Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant Essay Example for Free

Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant Essay Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant are two of the greatest basketball players to ever live. The way they play the game is memorizing. These two athletes are very extraordinary, though only one can be called the greatest of all time. The debate still and will always continue on who is the best. On one hand, there is the 6 time NBA champion in Michael Jordan; in the other there is the phenom who scored eighty- one points in one game, Kobe Bryant. In my opinion, Michael Jordan is and will always be the greatest basketball player to ever play the game. When I think of the word, legend, only one name comes to my mind and that name is Michael Jordan. Even the president of the United States thinks MJ is the better choice. Oh, Michael, the lifelong basketball fan told The Associated Press I mean Kobes terrific. Dont get me wrong, Obama said of the four-time NBA champion. But I havent seen anybody match up with Jordan yet. Michael Jordan tops Kobe Bryant in many ways, such as: offense, defense, and overall career achievements. In today’s generation of basketball superstars, there is one distinguished player, Kobe Bryant that holds a reflection to another known superstar, Michael Jordan in his ability to play the game, offensively and defensively; however, they differ in their overall performances. Although sports fans attempt to compare the two players, many will agree that Michael Jordan carries the best offensive and defensive numbers, while Kobe Bryant holds the title of the youngest all-star to ever enter the National Basketball Association. Both Jordan and Bryant were offered huge endorsement deals, with Kobe Bryant taking the lead as one of the largest global brands, in basketball history. The game of basketball is a rewarding sport that allows its players to give back to the community. There is no competition, when it comes to giving back to the community, as each player is equally involved in charitable organizations. In the professional basketball world, sports fans will agree that Michael Jordan is the better player, while other fans are loyal to Kobe Bryant. When looking at offensive and defensive numbers, objectivity and a hard look at the facts leaves one conclusion without a doubt, that Michael Jordan is one of the greatest players in NBA history. He is famous for blocked shots, rebounds, and scoring an average of 30 points per game, during his career (Squidoo, 2012). As an offensive player, Jordan has the advantage. In his best season, his fans will count on him to average 37 points per game compared to Kobe Bryant’s best season of 35 points per game. Michael Jordan, a true team player, averages eight assists per game in his best season, and an average of five assists during his career. Unlike Jordan, Kobe Bryant, as an offensive player averages six assists per game during his best season, and he is close to beating Jordan’s average with four assists per game.

Chinas Development Strategy Under Mao Zedong History Essay

Chinas Development Strategy Under Mao Zedong History Essay The industrial system taken over by the Chinese Communist leadership in 1949 was not only rudimentary and war-devastated, but also extremely imbalanced. Over 70% of the industrial assets and output were concentrated in the coastal areas while the rest of the country shared the remainder. Within the coastal region, modern industrial production was again heavily concentrated in a few cities, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Dalian and Fushun accounted for 55% of the total for the coastal region. China was a typical dual economy, in which a few industrial cities were surrounded by large-scale agriculture. When the Chinese leadership started its efforts at industrialization, it regarded the huge coast-interior imbalance as irrational because, firstly, areas of industrial production were usually too far away from energy and raw materials supply areas and the interior market, meaning substantial long-distance transport costs and creating a strain on Chinas undeve loped transport system. Secondly, the rich resources in the inland areas could not be properly exploited. Finally, since the coast was easily exposed to foreign military power, the heavy concentration of industry there represented a national security risk, as was the case during the Second World War. To rectify that regional imbalance, the Chinese leadership decided to pull the levers of centrally directed investment. (Yang, 1990) During the land reform, a significant amount landlords were murdered at Communist Party gatherings, the land was taken from them and given to poorer peasants and there was also the Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries, which involved public executions targeting mainly former Kuomintang officials, businessmen accused of market disturbances, former employees of Western companies and intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect. In 1976, the U.S. State department estimated around a million may have been killed in the land reform, and a further 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign (Shalom, 1984, p24). Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were executed during the years 1949-53 (Chang Halliday, 2005). However, because there was a policy to select at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution, the number of deaths ranged between 2 and 5 million. In addition, at least 1.5million people (Short, 2001), perhaps as ma ny as 6 million were sent to reform through labour camps where many perished (Valentino, 2004). Mao played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas, which were often exceeded. Nevertheless he defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power. Chinas first Five-Year Plan entailed the forced provision of cheap agricultural supplies to cities, though per capita allocation kept low to discourage urbanization. In rural areas, production decisions are shifted from households to mutual aid teams, and then to cooperatives where a cadre makes key decisions. Ownership is redefined in the form of state-owned enterprises and collectivized farms. In terms of financial structure, the binding constraints on households and enterprises at this time are coupons, authorizations, and orders to deliver. These instruments rather than money determine production and consumption outcomes; therefore prices are of secondary importance. The Hundred Flowers campaign brings unanticipated criticism, especially from intellectuals, which Mao silences in the repressive anti-rightist campaign. Almost two-thirds of the major projects, including many being built with Soviet aid were located in the interior. Despite allowance made to help rehabilitate war-devastated coastal industrial facilities, nearly 56% of the state investment in fixed assets went to the interior during this period. The interior-orientated investment policy took its toll in terms of economic efficiency as coastal industrial growth was sorely needed as a foundation for the development of the whole country. More concentrated efforts at rehabilitation and improvement of old enterprises in the coastal region could have produced more immediate economic pay-offs than making new investments in areas that lacked infrastructural support. Thus, Mao, in his April 1956 speech On the ten great relationships, commented that in the past few years we have not laid enough stress on industry in the coastal region so that the productive power of coastal industry could be used for the full development of the whole country, e specially the interior. In the same speech, however, Mao also revealed he was in favour of building most of heavy industry, 90% or perhaps still more, in the interior. Gottschang (1987) discussed how China used a Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan. The main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956 approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, others were under joint ownership. No privately owned firms remained. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956. Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize increasingly large and socialized collective units. From the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives. In the agricultural producers cooperatives, income shares were based only on the amount of labour contributed. In addition, each family was allowed to retain a small private plot on which to grow vegetables, fruit, and livestock for its own use. The collectivization process began slowly but accelerated in 1955 and 1956. In 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined advanced producers co operatives. In terms of economic growth the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expanded and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at 9% a year. Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through collectivization. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingl y concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption. The First Five-Year Plan was for a long time the only plan that was even partially executed. The success of the First Five Year Plan encouraged Mao to initiate the Great Leap Forward, in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid collectivization. The Party introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplification aimed at increasing literacy. The Great Leap was not merely a bold economic project, it was also intended to show the Soviet Union that the Chinese approach to economic development was more vibrant, and ultimately would be more successful, than the Soviet model that had been used previously. Under the economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives which had been formed were rapidly merged into far larger peoples communes, and many of the peasants ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and the small-scale production of iron and steel. Some private food production was banned; livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership. Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system this led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by further 10% reduction in 1960 and no recovery in 1961 (Spence, p.553). To win favour with superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of the true harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areas but also for export, which resulted in the rural peasant snot left enough to eat and millions starved to death in the largest famine in human history. This famine was a direct cause of the death of some 3 0 millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962 and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival, died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962 (Spence, p.553). The famine was due to Maos leaning heavily on mass mobilization to speed up industrial development. The Great Leap emphasized heavy industry in general, and the iron and steel industry in particular. In any case, the Great Leap came to be a leap into disaster and was a major cause of Chinas worst famine (1959-61). During this period state investment in industrial assets in the interior continued to increase. It averaged 59.4% of the national total during 1958-62 and further grew to 62-5% in the post-Leap adjustment period (1963-65). In the meantime, worsening Sino-Soviet relations and U.S. involvement in Vietnam led Chinas leaders to perceive a greater need for enhancing its national defence capabilities. As a result, despite the much felt post-crisis need to invigorate existing industrial production and restore consumption levels, Mao in 1964 ruled in favour of building more defence-orientated industries in the interior so that Chinas industrial infrastructure would survive a foreig n invasion and provide for a protracted defensive war. (Yang, 1990, p.236-7) As part of this push for hierarchical organization and revolutionary thinking, Mao initiates the Peoples Commune Movement to foster a communist-agrarian society. Bad incentives and bad weather bring the famine of 1960 with its accompanying economic turmoil, starvation, and rural revolt. Twenty to thirty million people lose their lives through malnutrition and famine (Fairbanks 1987, p.296). The failure of the Great Leap Forward and the Peoples Commune Movement created the first open split within the ranks of communist leaders. Furthermore, a major rift opens with the Soviets, leading to a break in relations and Russian aid flows. (Jaggi et al., WP 1996) The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of it made in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted scrap metal in homemade furnaces with no reliable source of fuel such as coal. At the Lushan Conference in 1959, several leaders expressed concern that the Leap was not as successful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence and Korean War General Peng Dehuai. Mao, fearing loss of his position, orchestrated a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. Senior officials who reported the truth of the famine to Mao were branded as right opportunists (Becker, 1998). A campaign against right opportunism was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to camps where many would subsequently die in the famine. The party have now concluded that 6 million were wrongly punished in the campaign. (Valentino, 2004, p . 127) The largest man-made famine on record was the Chinese famine of 1958-1961, which resulted in the death of an estimated 30 million people and approximately the same number of births lost or postponed. This famine was thought to be as a direct result of the decision by Mao Zedong to launch the Great Leap Forward, a mass mobilization of the population to achieve economic advancement. Mao followed the Stalinist ideology of heavy industry being the answer to economic advancement, peasants were ordered to abandon all private food production and instead produce steel which proved to be of extremely poor quality and of little or no use (Smil, 1999). This created a similar pattern to that of the loss of grain production needed to feed the population as seen in the Ukraine in the 1930s,by the spring of 1959 famine had affected people living in one-third of Chinas provinces. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known abou t the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into believing that Great Leap Forward had been a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had been reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localized or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Because Mao wanted to pay back early to the Soviets debts totalling 1.973 billion yuan from 1960 to 1962, exports increased by 50%. (ONeill, 2008) Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by Dr Judith Banister. Given the gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficult to ascertain. Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deaths incurred in China during 1958-61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period and taking account of assumed underreporting during the famine years, the figure was around 30 million. The official statistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang (Short, 2001). Partly surrounded by hostile American military bases, China was confronted with a Soviet threat from the north and west. Both the internal crisis and the external threat called for extraordinary statesmanship from Mao, but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of the Peoples Republic were in hostile confrontation with each other. During Conference of the Seven Thousand in Beijing in 1962 State Chairman Shaoqi denounced the Great Leap Forward as responsible for widespread famine, with a majority of delegates expressing agreement, but Defence Minister Biao staunchly defended Mao. A brief period of liberalization followed while Mao and Lin plotted a comeback. Liu and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the peoples communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst effects of famine. Sectoral priorities during the Great Leap (heavy industry, light industry and then agriculture) are reversed, to produce more food (Riskin 1987). Private plots are re-established, limited markets are reopened, and modern inputs such as chemical fertilizers are emphasized (Barnett 1974, p.126). The economy shows signs of recovery in 1963, and by 1965 China regains the level of production reached in 1957 (USITC 1985, 11-25). Third Five year Plan (1966-1969) tasks included developing agriculture to feed the populace and meet other basic needs (such as clothing); strengthening national defence (a priority given Chinese concerns of a potential war); advancing technology; developing infrastructure; encouraging economic self-reliance. Again striving to expand his command over the Party, Mao orchestrates the Cultural Revolution. Early stages of the movement entail a struggle against the so called antiparty clique, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Mao calls on the youth as Red Guards to spread revolutionary zeal. They make a specialty of attacking professionals and intellectuals, and wreak havoc on the educational system. Begun as a political struggle, the Cultural Revolution paralyzes normal life and throws the economy into turmoil. The Fourth Five Year Plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development In September 1970, the Plan was drafted with such goals as maintaining an annual growth rate of 12.5% in industry and agriculture as well as specific budget allowances for infrastructure construction (130 billion yuan during the Plan). In 1973, some of the specific provisions of the plan were amended to lower the targets. All targets had been reached or surpassed by the end of 1973. China experienced a vibrant economy in the years 1972 and 1973. In conclusion, Maos five year plans, during his time as Chairman of the CPC, were not only enabled China to grow in terms of GDP, but enabled improved rates of literacy, improved living standards if only slightly, some elements of trade liberalisation occurred and a focus on agriculture was eventually made in order to develop food securities, there was some industrialisation and investment in infrastructure. The growth was mainly export-led as GDP per capita did not drastically increase, infrastructure investment rose to a level allowing China to uphold its ability to It therefore can be argued that although many millions of people suffered due to Mao, that China today has partly benefited from the Mao years, although I believe that if Mao had not been kept unaware of the situation that arose in the Great Leap Forward years, that the suffering and deaths that occurred could have been avoided.

Poes Fall of The House of Usher Essays: Metaphoric Images :: Fall House Usher Essays

Metaphoric Images in Poe's "Fall of the House of Usher" "The Fall of the House of Usher," one of Edgar Allen Poe's most celebrated tales has captured the imagination of readers both young and old. With great skill, Poe has metaphorically succeeded to mirror unlike objects in nature. One can find examples of how Poe has succeeded this throughout this short story. Among one of the first examples that one can find is "...that ancient metaphor for the body...(Montgomery 373)." The "ancient metaphor" that one can find is that of Roderick Usher and the later being the Usher house. With some close reading of the story, one can see how these two unlike objects mirror each other. To commence an analysis of the different examples found in the story, one must get some brief some brief background information. Roderick Usher was excessively reserved during his childhood and there after. Roderick was the product of inbreeding which had caused him to lead a rather unhealthy life. According to Magill in the book Masterpieces of World Literature, since th e Usher family had left only a direct line of descendants, the family and the house had become as one, the House of Usher(291). One can argue that this is true, but in my opinion, the relationship between the house and Roderick can be found in their descriptions. The story's narrator describes Roderick as more zombielike than human. This is due to Roderick's cadaverous facial complexion: large, luminous eyes, thin and very pallid lips, his nose of "a delicate Hebrew model," his small molded chin, broad forehead, and his soft and weblike hair(Magill 364). Throughout the story, the narrator describes Roderick's large eyes and hair with having a "wild gossamer texture" (Thompson 96). Roderick's unhealthy life has caused side effects to occur. They include such things as looking old for his age and at times trembling for no apparent reason (Bloom 60). The House of Usher is also similar to Roderick in their description. The house's facade, as the narrator describes, resembles a giant fac e or skull with its eye-like windows and the hairlike fungi that hangs on the house's facade(Magill 364). The stonework that covers the Usher house is in decay. This stonework reminds the narrator "...of old wood-work which has rotten for long years in some neglected vault." (Bloom59). The Usher House seems so fragile that it seems its instability will cause it to fall(59).

Past Meets Present: Archaeologists Partnering with Museum Curators, Teachers, and Community Groups Essay

Anthropology Statistics Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Archeological excavation retrieval of intact artifacts or remains is quite a challenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Archeology is the study of remains of human or animal or remains of human culture. It is very important in putting together the events of the past. It has helped to authenticate both written history and unwritten history. In itself, archeology has been central in discovery of history of human culture in the pre-literacy period. Man has been able to discover the hidden information that could not have come to surface were it not for the art of archeology(John Jameson J. E., 2012). Archeologies involve excavation, dating of remains, reassembling of found remains to understand the context of their use in human history. Today several theories have been put forward to explain about the origin of man. All these versions have been depending on the archeological studies to justify itself. The most surprising is that archeology has helped strengthen some beliefs more than others(Insoll, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No one has been able to refute biblical stories on the basis of archeological studies. Through archeology remotely written scrolls that prove the historical facts outlined in the bible. It has therefore enhanced the authenticity of the claims. There are numerous features that are put together to be able to get accurate morphology of the body remains found in an archeological site. The main concern of archeologist is the morphological features and changes that take place. All the skeletons and artifacts recovered from an archeological site are recorded in a systematic manner which makes access to them easier(John Jameson, 2007). In recoding this information, the name of the site, the identifier of the skeleton, an access number, and type of bone found, the segments of the skeleton found, completeness score and number of fragments. The level of surface preservation is also vital. The bone can also indicate different pathologies that the pers on suffered while alive. There are different cultural practices when it comes to disposal of dead bodies some bury while others cremate partially before burial while some groups cremate fully. All these practices have an effect on the remains found at an archeological site(Hanne Andersen, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human history is quite important in understanding the modern day pattern of genetics and human settlement, ideological evolution and culture. Archeologists have to apply a lot of skills to ensure that they are accurate in their reconstruction, dating and inference. When the word archeology is mention many only thinks of a group of people who are only interested in digging up graves and ruins but it goes beyond the excavation(John Jameson, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The items that were used in the remote culture do not necessarily resemble the modern day tools and items. It takes a lot of study and brainstorming to find the purpose of a tool found at a site. The erosions and continuous formation of soil has made discovery of an archeological site quite difficult(Hanne Andersen, 2013). In fact most archeological site that has lavished our modern Museums was discovered by accidents. Very few had an intentional discovery. The floods and sedimentation and soil formation over years had been responsible for deeper and deeper burial of artifacts and remains of animals and human ancestry(Nicholas, 2010). This conceals the site completely leaving no clue on the surface(Nicholas, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As soils, rocks and materials sediments on the remains they act stronger forces on the remains. Other forces of nature that acts on the remains are exposed while at surface area also leaves effects of the remains. Unfortunately, these forces can destroy the artifacts and remain by modifying the structures and the morphology. Though the archeologists have used shapes of the modified skulls excavated from different sites to reconstruct the living morphology of the humans, it may be possible that the shapes discovered are not original and might have beendeformed by the pressure from the overlying soil and rocks(Stottman, 2010). Pieces of artifact of remote settlement are reassembled together to find out how the object looked but accuracy is still questionable. Various archeological objects discovered from various sites are rarely found intact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cause of the damage is varied and the cause of the archeological material are also numerous. The forces responsible for the disintegration of these materials include physical forces such as damage by stray wild animals, domestic animals, sunlight, rainfall, wind and cyclones. Long exposure to these environmental forces can further damage the materials hence losing evidence of cultural heritage. Depending on the culture of a particular people, human remain were others were disposed through different methods. Thus somebody remains were buried while others thrown in the remote areas. This exposed the bodies to wild animals that tear apart the body part leaving little clue that may be less helpful in reconstructing the body morphology(Peter Bleed, 2013). The practice of dead body cremation has been practiced for quite a long time. Though the partly charred bones found in such archeological sites helps deduce the cultural practice, it conce als the evidence of what type of people lived in the archeological site. Using carbon dating may also be altered as the burning may reduce o the accuracy of the dating(Insoll, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time is also an important factor in the level of preservation of archeological material. Most of the remains of the remote human culture were not made of durable material. Even those that were made of metal were made of unrefined iron. When unrefined iron is exposed to earth for long it degrades and absorbed into the earth. The other material made from organic substances suchas wood, hides and skins easily undergo decay over time. In order to get information of the archeologist at the archeological on such material, a lot of care is required on the part the archeologist. They have to trace the impression by decayed material then infer from the impression what the artifact might have been. In doing an inference from an impression, it is obvious that one cannot be certain of its accuracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In consideration to human history, man has used numerous methods to preserve the dead bodies. The civilization of people who once lived in a particular location also play a role in determining the intactness of an artifact or body remains. Burial boxes and built tombs offer some resistance to the force of the earth pressure exerted on the remains hence reduced destruction of the remains. This makes studies easy and also determines the durability of the remains in the Museums where they are kept(John Jameson, 2007). Greater role is expected of the authorities that protect the archeological heritage. They should be guided by principles that that are thoroughly researched and successfully used elsewhere. It should be remembered that degradation continues despite excavation and transfer of the artifacts and remains to the museums(Nicholas, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the General Conference of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization, it was noted that the preservation of the archeological sites, monuments, artifacts and remains depend on the affection that people has for them. The handlers of the artifacts of the sites and remains must develop passion to prevent further disintegration. The wish of the member countries to develop science was found to have great role. The contemplation to do further study in works of the past strengthens the understanding and cooperation between countries to protect archeological heritage. This further strengthens the fulfillment of the social mission(John Jameson J. E., 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We will explore the data from a website on archeological human remains and consider each of the bone found in the site. The percentage of completeness is likely to nullify or prove the hypothesis on the subject.The data set is for human remains that were recovered from sixteen different archeological sites in Northumberland and Durham. The human remains are kept at the Great North Museum in Newcastle, Wintergardens and Sunderland in Sunderland and Roman fort. The rest of the skeletal material was taken to a laboratory for testing in Newcastle(Nicholas, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the database of this skeletal material an analysis was done to determine the fragmentation and completeness of the material remains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Below is a graph on the distribution of the remains according to the site where they were collected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . The number of skeletal material collected per Acheological site   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The skeletal materials were collected from various archeological sites and each site had a god number of material collected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To do an assessment on the surface preservation is quite subjective. The evaluation of the surface is a good determinant of the age of the organism at time of death. It is also important in assessing the pathologies, sex and the age at death. The preservation is partly a subject of age. The ossified bone are well preserved over many years while poorly ossified degrade quite fast with time. The size of the bone is a subject of sex of the person(John Jameson S. B., 2007). The taphonomic processes such as excavation, burial environment, curation has an impact on the condition of the bone and the bulk of skeleton that will be recovered from a site. Excellent preservation means that there is no surface erosion while poor preservation shows poor preservation. The level of preservation along with the completeness has an effect on getting information from the material.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The excavated remains preservation per site of discovery in the graph in fig 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fig. 2 Distribution of preservation levels of the skeletons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Key to figure 2 0= Exellent, 1= Very Good, 2 = Good, 3 = Fair, 4 = Poor ,5 = Extremely poor ,6 = Burned bone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where cremated remains were examined they were described by their appearance L= Longitudinally Split, T= Longitudinal and Transverse Checking C= Cracking, W= Warping (Michelle Gamble, 2012)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of completeness of the human skeletal material collected were the compared based on the percentage of the complete whole of the remains and the following were the results. Level f preservation varied from one remains to another and also from one archeological site to another. Not all the bones were fully preserved neither were they all poorly preserved. At least each percentage of preservation were represented (see key for reference). Table. 1 Frequency for completeness of different % complete Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 22 2.4 2.4 2.4 ? 1 .1 .1 2.5 1 307 32.9 32.9 35.3 2 167 17.9 17.9 53.2 3 346 37.0 37.0 90.3 4 91 9.7 9.7 100.0 Total 934 100.0 100.0 ?= Undefined 1 = 75% 4 = 100%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the table it was noted that only 9.7% of the remains were 100% complete. This meant that more than 90 were fragmented, burned or decayed. This proves how much of the material were deformed hence identification had to be done through inference. The deformation might have been due to the pressure of the underlying soil or from physical forces. This data set also composed of the charged and burned body remains (Peter Bleed, 2013). These might have had an effect on the percentage but this is less significant as not most of the remote cultures cremated the dead bodies.The bar graph comparing the level of completeness is as in fig 3below. Fig 3 Key Y axis ?= Undefined 1 = 75% 4 = 100%(Michelle Gamble, 2012)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The percentage completeness was in different frequency. The collected remains had different level of completeness of the fragments. Each level of completeness was represented showing that the fragmentation is significant in all remains what varies is the degree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fragmentation also has greater effect on the artifacts. The fragment increases work in analysis of the archeological remains. The archeologist has to identify part of the fragment from numerous fragments then use then to reassemble the bone or the artifact. This can be quite challenging especially when parts of the same bone to be reassembled have decayed completely and is not traceable any longer(Stottman, 2010). This may be quite difficult the probability of reassembling unlike fragments is high. The connecting of wrong fragment has an effect on the morphology hence losing the right shape of the organism or objects. A wrong conclusion is made hence conceal the culture and body morphology of the organism. The fragments were recorded some in terms of weigh and some in terms of numbers. Fig 4. No and weight Fragments collected at the sites Note   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The figures in the Y axis without units are the number of fragment while hose with units are weight of the fragments. The data set was not recorded in uniform units but is helpful for the comparison(Michelle Gamble, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The graph portrays the occurrence of a number of fragments and the weight of each fragment and the number collected from the sixteenarcheological sites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the bones were segmented. Some only part of the segments were found at the site Figure 5. Table of the Bone and the segment recovered   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The table above is a plot of the bones and the corresponding type of segment collected from the archeological site. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of the human skeletons collected from the sixteen sites have proved over 90% of fragmentation and fragmentation. This trend is similar in other skeletal material from archeological site, the same phenomenon happens with the animals remains, material artifacts of remote human culture. Therefore fragmentation is a great setback to the archeologist in getting right information for scientific and historical inference. Most of forces and conditions responsible for this are not preventable but human error during excavation may be avoided. With careful marking and excavation, the relevant information retrievable from material remains can be increased. Marking and protecting of identified archeological site is necessary. References Hanne Andersen, D. D. (2013). New Challenges to Philosophy of Science. New York: Springer. Insoll, T. (2007). The Archaeology of Identities: A Reader. New York: Routledge. John Jameson, J. E. (2012). Training and Practice for Modern Day Archaeologists. New York: Springer. John Jameson, S. B. (2007). Past Meets Present: Archaeologists Partnering with Museum Curators, Teachers, and Community Groups. New York: Springer. Michelle Gamble, C. F. (2012). Osteological Analysis of Early Bronze Age human skeletal remains in Tyne and Wear Museums. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from Acheology Data Service: http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/osteol_2013/downloads.cfm Nicholas, G. P. (2010). Being and Becoming Indigenous Archaeologists. Chicago: Left Coast Press. Peter Bleed, D. D. (2013). Custer, Cody, and Grand Duke Alexis: Historical Archaeology of the Royal Buffalo Hunt. New York: University of Oklahoma Press. Stottman, M. J. (2010). Archaeologists as Activists: Can Archaeologists Change the World? Alibama: University of Alabama Press. Source document

The Benefits of Recycling Plastics

The Benefits of Recycling Plastics One good reason to recycle plastic is that there is just so much of it. Plastics are used to manufacture an incredible number of products we use every day, such as beverage and food containers, trash bags and grocery bags, cups and utensils, childrens toys and diapers, and bottles for everything from mouthwash and shampoo to glass cleaner and dishwashing liquid. And thats not even counting all the plastic that goes into furniture, appliances, computers,  and automobiles. The Need Is Growing As the use of plastics has increased over the years, they have become a larger part of our nations municipal solid waste (MSW)- growing from less than 1 percent in 1960 to more than 13 percent in 2013, according to a report by the Environmental Protection Agency. As an example of how and why plastic waste is increasing, the International Bottled Water Association reports that the  U.S.  consumed 9.67 billion gallons of bottled water in 2012, compared to 9.1 billion gallons the year before. The United States is the worlds leading consumer of bottled water. A good first step in reducing waste is switching to a reusable water bottle. Natural Resources and Energy Conservation Recycling plastics reduces the amount of energy and resources (such as water, petroleum, natural gas, and coal) needed to create plastic. According to a 2009 study by researchers Peter Gleick and Heather Cooley  from the Pacific Institute of California, a pint-sized bottle of water requires about 2,000 times as much energy to produce as the same amount of tap water. Recycling Plastics Saves Landfill Space Recycling plastic products also keeps them out of landfills and allows the plastics to be reused in manufacturing new products. Recycling 1 ton of plastic saves 7.4 cubic yards of landfill space. And lets face it, a lot of plastic ends up directly in the environment, breaking down into tiny pieces, polluting our soil and water, and contributing to the oceans Great Garbage Patches. Its Relatively Easy Recycling plastics has never been easier. Today, 80 percent of Americans have easy access to a plastics recycling program, whether they participate in a municipal curbside program or live near a drop-off site. A universal numbering system for plastic types makes it even easier. According to the American Plastics Council, more than 1,800 U.S. businesses handle or reclaim postconsumer plastics. In addition, many grocery stores now serve as recycling collection sites for plastic bags and plastic wrap. Room for Improvement Overall, the level of plastics recycling is still relatively low. In 2012, only 6.7 percent of plastics in the municipal solid waste stream were recycled, according to the EPA. Alternatives to Plastic While recycling is important, one of the best ways to reduce the amount of plastic in our nations MSW is to find alternatives. For example, reusable grocery bags have seen a growth in popularity in recent years, and they are a great way to limit the amount of plastic that needs to be generated in the first place.